Western European Journal of Modern Experiments and Scientific Methods
Western European Journal of Modern Experiments and Scientific Methods is devoted to applied aspects of engineering science, covering a wide range of subfields. Its core interest lies in issues concerning the following sub-disciplines: Mechanics, Engineering Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Bio-Engineering and Chemical Engineering. High quality applied papers outside these specific sub-disciplines but within engineering will be considered for review. ISSN (E): 2942-1896 ResearchBib IF: 9.898 SJIF 2024: 5.08
TYPOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSING MODALITY (POSSIBILITY, NECESSARY) IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
The scope of the category in conveying modality is wide enough in linguistics to conduct a research that is considered as the most interesting field among typology of linguists. The category of modality is evaluated as a concept that expresses the attitude of the speaker to the content of the spoken sentence, to the reality. This category, which serves as an integral part of communication, is not limited to just one field, but is widely used and has its importance in several branches of linguistics, such as lexicology, phraseology, word formation, morphology and text linguistics. The wealth of wide possibilities of the modal category is the basis for its manifestation as a universal concept, and it is distinguished by its importance in understanding and interpreting the fundamental nature of the language structure. In this article, features of the modality category in English and Uzbek languages are analyzed and explained.
Mushtariybonu Fayzulllayeva Burxonjon qizi
Copyright (c) 2026 Western European Journal of Modern Experiments and Scientific Methods https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO THE PREVENTION OF INFLAMMATORY COMPLICATIONS IN MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
Mandibular fractures, characterized by disruption of the structural integrity of the lower jaw, represent severe traumatic injuries that may pose significant risks to patient health. These injuries result in substantial anatomical and physiological alterations within the affected region. One of the most common and clinically significant complications associated with mandibular fractures is inflammation. Inflammatory processes complicate both systemic and local therapeutic management, prolong the duration of treatment, and negatively influence patients’ functional recovery and social activity. Therefore, the prevention of inflammatory complications following mandibular fractures remains a critical challenge in contemporary maxillofacial surgery. This article reviews modern preventive strategies, including antibiotic prophylaxis, antiseptic and hygienic measures, minimally invasive surgical techniques, physiotherapeutic interventions, and the application of innovative biomaterials aimed at improving clinical outcomes and accelerating recovery.
BASICS OF USING WOUND DRESSINGS CONTAINING CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
The application of wound coatings containing connective tissue cells is important in modern medicine for the effective and rapid healing of wounds. A wound is a damage caused by mechanical damage to the body's tissues, the healing process of which involves complex biological and chemical areas. For a wound to heal well and properly, the activity of cells in the tissue, their interactions, and the processes of new tissue formation must be properly regulated. In this respect, the application of connective tissue cells to cover the wound surface and perform its regeneration tasks is an innovative approach that significantly improves the healing process.
OPTIMIZATION OF TREATMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC SCARS IN THE MAXILLOFACIAL REGION
Background: Conditions affecting the maxillofacial region often result in significant functional and aesthetic consequences. Aim: To analyze modern evidence-based strategies for improving treatment outcomes and reducing long-term complications. Methods: Review of international literature (2018–2024), clinical guidelines, and current surgical protocols. Results: Early diagnostics, precise anatomical management, and rehabilitation significantly improve outcomes. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary and stage-based strategy ensures stable functional and cosmetic recovery
PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS IN ZYGOMATICO-ORBITAL COMPLEX INJURIES
THE ROLE OF PROJECT-BASED APPROACH IN DEVELOPING THE CONGRUENCE ABILITY OF FUTURE TEACHERS
This article provides a scientific analysis of the problems of developing pedagogical congruence among future teachers in higher education institutions and explores the pedagogical potential of the project-based approach in addressing these issues. In the study, pedagogical congruence is interpreted as an integrative professional quality that reflects the harmony between a future teacher’s internal professional values, emotional state, personal beliefs, and external pedagogical activity. The article substantiates the need to improve the professional and pedagogical training of future teachers within the modern higher pedagogical education system. In particular, the insufficient development of congruence, which ensures harmony between the personal and professional qualities of future teachers in the existing teacher training practice, is considered an important scientific and pedagogical problem. During the research, a pedagogical model developed on the basis of the project-based approach was aimed at the integrated development of communicative, emotional-intellectual, reflective, and moral stability competencies of future teachers. This model contributes to the development of students’ independent thinking, creative approach, ability to analyze pedagogical problems, and make effective pedagogical decisions
ASSESSMENT OF PERSONAL PROPORTIONS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN TASHKENT CITY IN RELATION TO THE «GOLDEN SECTION»
In recent decades, work has been carried out in various fields of science, in which the question of the «golden cross-section,» which is one of the geometric principles of proportional harmony, is considered. «Golden section» is such a proportional harmonic division of a segment into unequal parts, in which the entire segment (AC) relates to the larger part (AB) as the larger part (AB) relates to the smaller part (BC) or, conversely, the smaller segment (BC) relates to the larger (AB) as the larger (AB) relates to the entire segment (AC), i.e., AC/AB = AB/BC = 1.618 or BC/AB = AB/AC = 1.618. Arithmetically, the proportion of the «golden cross-section» is expressed as 1:1.618 and the value of the «golden cross-section» is conventionally denoted by the letter φ [6, 8]. According to a number of authors, the face plays an important role in people's social life and is the object of research not only for artists, anthropologists, ethnologists, educators, and psychologists, but also for medical professionals, as proportions and symmetry play a role in harmonizing not only the human body but also the size and shape of the face [2, 5, 9]. Considering facial proportions is of great importance in the practice of every doctor and, especially, a dentist, as one of the main reasons for seeking a dentist is the desire to improve the aesthetics of teeth and face [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10]. A.I. Postolaki's (2015) scientific article is devoted to reviewing 35 literary sources on this topic and is aimed at broader coverage and disclosure of basic aesthetic concepts to achieve the most objective assessment of facial harmony and smile; this article indicates that in recent years, there has been a special need for methods for analyzing facial structure that allow not only to study the position and size of teeth and jaw bones but also to assess facial harmony
REAL-TIME MONITORING AND FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS BASED ON IOT AND DATA ANALYTICS
Among renewable energy sources, solar energy is considered an important resource that enables environmentally friendly and sustainable energy generation. The efficient operation of solar photovoltaic power plants largely depends on continuous monitoring of their technical condition. In this study, a real-time monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology is developed, and a fault detection method based on data analytics is proposed. Sensors are used to measure key parameters of solar panels, including voltage, current, power output, temperature, and solar irradiance. The collected data are transmitted through an IoT network to a cloud server, where they are analyzed using mathematical models and analytical algorithms. The results of the study demonstrate that the proposed system can significantly improve energy production efficiency and enable early detection of system faults.
CONVERGENCE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND RESEARCH ACTIVITY BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN A DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
This article provides a theoretical and methodological analysis of the process of convergence between academic freedom and research activity within the context of the modern higher education system, particularly in an environment characterized by the rapid implementation of digital and artificial intelligence technologies. The pedagogical significance of academic freedom in fostering students’ scientific subjectivity, developing independent and critical thinking, and forming reflective research competencies is substantiated. Research activity is interpreted as an integral and systematic component of the educational process, supported by artificial intelligence–based digital tools, which ensures students’ intellectual development and the formation of scientific thinking. The research findings demonstrate that the integration and mutual alignment of academic freedom and scientific inquiry, including their integration with artificial intelligence technologies, play a crucial role in shaping an innovative and reflective pedagogical environment in higher education.
STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL BARRIERS IN TRANSLATION FROM GERMAN TO UZBEK
This article examines the structural and cultural barriers encountered in the process of translation from German into Uzbek. The study focuses on morphosyntactic divergences between the two language systems, lexical-semantic lacunae, and culture-specific concepts that lack direct equivalents in the Uzbek language. Drawing on concrete textual examples from literary, journalistic, and academic genres, the paper analyses recurring translation difficulties and proposes pragmatically oriented strategies for overcoming them. The findings demonstrate that successful translation from German into Uzbek requires not only deep linguistic competence but also a well-developed intercultural awareness on the part of the translator.
THE ROLE OF STYLISTICS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING
This article investigates the essential function of stylistics in language education, highlighting its importance as a link between linguistic analysis and literary interpretation. By analyzing the use of language for stylistic purposes, stylistics improves learners’ interpretive abilities, critical reasoning, and comprehension of language variation. The article emphasizes how stylistic techniques can clarify intricate texts, aid in both creative and academic expression, and encourage more profound engagement with literary and non-literary works. Practical applications for the classroom—such as examining advertisements, song lyrics, and creative writing activities—are presented to demonstrate how stylistics can be seamlessly incorporated into teaching. The article concludes that integrating stylistics into language instruction enhances learners’ appreciation of language as a means of communication and artistic expression, establishing it as a vital element of contemporary language teaching.
THE THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STAGES OF THE MULTI-YEAR TRAINING SYSTEM IN THE SPORTS SELECTION PROCESS
This article explores the profound theoretical and methodological implications of the multi-year training system's stages within the sports selection process. It delves into the foundational principles that underpin long-term athlete development, emphasizing how structured stages facilitate talent identification, skill acquisition, and performance optimization. By integrating insights from pedagogy, physiology, psychology, and sports science, the discussion highlights the necessity of a phased approach to mitigate risks such as burnout, injury, and premature specialization. The analysis underscores the role of these stages in fostering holistic athlete growth, ensuring adaptability to competitive demands, and contributing to sustainable sporting excellence. Through a comprehensive examination of conceptual frameworks, empirical evidence, and practical applications, the article argues for the integration of multi-year training paradigms in sports selection to enhance both individual and systemic outcomes in high-performance sports.
SOFTWARE AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR USING STATE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND THEIR CAPABILITIES
This annotation examines the software and methodological support for using state electronic systems and highlights their capabilities in public administration and education. It discusses digital platforms, interoperability, data security, user authentication, and service integration that enable efficient delivery of e-government services. The focus is on methodological guidelines that help users and institutions adopt these systems, develop digital competencies, and ensure responsible data use. The annotation also notes benefits such as transparency, accessibility, time savings, and improved decision making. Overall, the topic emphasizes systematic, secure, and user-centered implementation of government electronic systems for sustainable digital transformation in modern public sector governance.
THE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN TRANSPORT-LOGISTICS EDUCATION
This article analyzes the practical significance and functional role of foreign language in the transport-logistics education system. Within the framework of the research, the role of foreign language in professional communication, terminological precision, and the formation of professional competencies is highlighted. Based on the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) approach, the integrative functions of foreign language in the transportlogistics field are identified, and its effectiveness in the professional education process is theoretically substantiated. The research results demonstrate that organizing foreign language instruction adapted to transport-logistics education increases specialists' competitiveness in the international labor market.
ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING MULTI-APARTMENT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS USING THERMAL IMAGING AND HEAT BALANCE ANALYSIS (CASE STUDY OF FERGANA CITY)
Improving the energy efficiency of existing residential buildings is one of the key challenges in regions with continental climates. This study assesses the current energy performance of typical multi-apartment buildings in Fergana City, Uzbekistan, using nondestructive thermal diagnostics and heat balance calculations. Thermal imaging surveys, air velocity measurements, and indoor microclimate monitoring were conducted to identify heat loss zones and evaluate the thermal resistance of building envelope elements. Two representative buildings—a four-story large-panel reinforced concrete building and a two-story brick building—were analyzed. The calculated thermal resistance values of external walls, windows, roofs, doors, and basement slabs were compared with regulatory requirements. The results indicate that all major envelope components significantly deviate from normative values, leading to excessive heat losses and high specific heat consumption (83.7 W/m²), which exceeds the standard by 46.8%. The investigated panel building was classified as energy efficiency class G. The findings highlight the urgent need for thermal modernization measures, including insulation upgrades and airtightness improvements, to reduce energy consumption and enhance indoor thermal comfort
TECHNOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTIVE MODIFICATION OF FILTERING LAYER BASED ON HEAT-RESISTANT BASALT FIBER
This paper presents a design-oriented and technology-focused analysis of forming a heat-resistant basalt fiber–based filtering layer for high-temperature, abrasive cement dust–gas flows. Building on global industrial experience and theoretical reasoning (without reporting experimental measurements), the study frames filtration performance as an integrated material–structure–regeneration system. A gradient (multi-layer) filtering architecture is substantiated, typically composed of a prefilter layer, a main basalt-fiber filtering layer, and a support/protection layer. The approach targets stabilization of pressure-drop growth and improved pulse-jet cleanability by controlling dust cake formation. Needle-punched basalt nonwoven structures are justified as a mechanically robust option under repeated pulse-jet loading, while optional hydrophobic and antistatic surface treatments are discussed as measures to reduce moisture-related cementation and electrostatic adhesion, thereby improving cake release. The main outcome is a calculation-based technological platform that links key filtration objectives (efficiency, pressure stability, cleanability, and durability) to controllable structural parameters of basalt-fiber media and provides a solid basis for subsequent laboratory and industrial validation
DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNESIUM-BINDING COMPOUNDS BASED ON NATURAL SAPONINS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STABILITY ANALYSIS
Magnesium plays a crucial role in numerous biochemical and physiological processes, yet its low bioavailability and instability in conventional formulations limit its therapeutic and nutritional applications. Natural saponins, known for their amphiphilic structure and metal-binding potential, represent a promising platform for the development of magnesium-binding compounds. The present study focuses on the synthesis of magnesiumcontaining complexes based on plant-derived saponins and their comprehensive physicochemical characterization. Magnesium–saponin compounds were obtained using controlled complexation methods and analyzed in terms of structural features, binding efficiency, solubility, and stability under varying pH and temperature conditions. Spectroscopic and analytical approaches were employed to elucidate the interaction mechanisms between magnesium ions and saponin functional groups. The results demonstrate that natural saponins effectively stabilize magnesium ions through coordination interactions, leading to improved physicochemical stability compared to conventional magnesium salts. These findings highlight the potential of saponin-based magnesium compounds as advanced biomaterials for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biomedical applications
ADVANCING INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION VIA INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
The paper explores the benefits of applying information and communication technologies in subject instruction, such as fostering students’ knowledge and competencies, increasing instructional efficiency, personalizing training activities, and strengthening student motivation.
information and communication technologies
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS THROUGH MEDIABASED LEARNING TOOLS
The article highlights the opportunities for enhancing the quality of education through media-based learning technologies in the development of technological competence among university students using electronic learning tools. In particular, it examines the essence and content of developing students’ adaptability, mobility, consistency, research activity, innovation orientation, as well as their verbal and creative imagination skills
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SYSTEM OF SENSORIMOTOR EXERCISES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE SPEECH THERAPISTS
This article highlights the practical significance of a system of sensorimotor exercises in developing the professional competencies of future speech therapists. The role of sensorimotor exercises in speech therapy education, their contribution to integrating theoretical knowledge with practical skills, and their impact on professional training are analyzed. The findings confirm the effectiveness of the sensorimotor approach in enhancing the professional competencies of future speech therapists.
THE CURRENT STATE OF PREPARING FUTURE OLIGOPHRENOPEDAGOGUES FOR PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT LEARNING
This article examines the current state of preparing future oligophrenopedagogues for professional activity in the process of independent learning. The study analyzes the role of independent learning in developing professional competencies, methodological readiness, and practical skills necessary for working with children with intellectual disabilities. Particular attention is paid to the effectiveness of independent learning tasks in enhancing students’ ability to apply theoretical knowledge in real educational and correctional settings. The article also identifies existing challenges in organizing independent learning, including insufficient methodological support and limited integration with practical training. The findings emphasize the need to improve the structure and content of independent learning to ensure high-quality professional preparation of future oligophrenopedagogues.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN SHAPING SOCIAL IDENTITY AND CULTURAL AWARENESS
Language is one of the most profound tools humans have for constructing and communicating meaning in their lives. It is not simply a method for exchanging information, but a fundamental instrument in the development of individual and collective identities within society. The role of language goes far beyond its grammatical and structural dimensions; it acts as the bedrock upon which our perceptions, beliefs, and notions about ourselves and others are built. Through language, individuals are able to express their membership to various social groups, share their heritage, establish their values, and foster a sense of belonging that extends to both local and global communities.
INCREASING THE ABILITY TO PROVIDE NEW SERVICES BY IMPROVING THE CASH FLOWS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE NEW UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the issues of expanding banking services by improving cash flow management of commercial banks in the context of New Uzbekistan. The economic essence of cash flows, their sources, and their impact on banking activities are studied. In addition, opportunities for introducing digital and innovative services through effective cash flow management are identified. Based on the research results, practical recommendations for commercial banks are proposed
THE IMPACT OF CLASSROOM SEATING ARRANGEMENTS ON STUDENT LEARNING AND ENGAGEMENT
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of classroom seating arrangements and their significant influence on the learning environment, student engagement, academic achievement, and social interaction. As pedagogical approaches evolve from teacher-centered to learnercentered models, the physical arrangement of the classroom has become a crucial factor shaping instructional strategies. This study reviews traditional row seating, group cluster seating, U-shaped arrangements, and modern flexible seating, discussing their impact on communication, motivation, attention span, and classroom discipline. The findings emphasize the necessity for adaptive seating strategies that align with lesson objectives and student needs.
GENDER AS A LINGUISTIC CATEGORY: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND RESEARCH TRENDS
This article examines the historical development and theoretical foundations of gender studies within the field of linguistics, highlighting the emergence of a distinct scientific direction commonly referred to as linguistic genderology. The study traces key phases in the evolution of gender research — from early notions of biological determinism to the transitional period and the advent of direct gender studies. It evaluates how gender categories have been conceptualized in language and discusses the influence of seminal scholars such as Jespersen, Moutner, and later sociolinguistic and feminist theorists. The article also analyzes major theoretical approaches, including sociolinguistic gender research, feminist linguistics, psycholinguistic perspectives, masculinity studies, and cross-cultural linguistic investigations. Critiques of early feminist linguistic theories and the integration of gender as a category in contemporary linguistic paradigms are discussed. The study demonstrates that gender has become a central analytical category across diverse linguistic subfields, significantly enriching the understanding of language, society, and identity
STYLISTIC FEATURES OF JOHN STEINBECK'S "OF MICE AND MEN" AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION IN TRANSLATION
This article examines the stylistic characteristics of John Steinbeck's novel "Of Mice and Men" and their transformation during the translation process. The findings demonstrate that successful translation of Steinbeck's work requires balancing fidelity to the source text's stylistic features with adaptation to the linguistic and cultural norms of the target language, particularly regarding dialect representation, idiomatic expressions, and sociolinguistic markers that define character identity and thematic depth
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DENTAL PROSTHESES IN MODERN DENTISTRY
The aim of this work is a comprehensive comparative analysis of the main types of dental prostheses used in modern dentistry: removable, fixed, partially removable, and prostheses on dental implants. A review of materials, design features, clinical effectiveness, durability, biocompatibility, and economic accessibility was conducted. Based on the analysis, the advantages and limitations of each group of prostheses are highlighted. The results obtained can be used by orthopedic dentists to optimize the selection of prosthetic designs and improve the quality of treatment.
THE ROLE OF ONCOGENIC TYPES OF THE HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS AND CERVICAL CANCER
Persistent infection with oncogenic, high-risk human papillomavirus is the necessary etiologic driver of virtually all cervical cancers, yet only a small fraction of infections progress to clinically significant precancer or invasive malignancy. This review synthesizes current evidence on how carcinogenic HPV genotypes, especially HPV16 and HPV18 and several additional high-risk types, contribute to the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ, and ultimately to invasive cervical cancer. We discuss genotype-specific differences in carcinogenic potential, viral and host mechanisms that promote persistence and malignant transformation, and the stepwise biological continuum from transient infection to high-grade precancer. The central molecular events include expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins that disrupt p53 and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathways, remodeling of the cellular epigenetic landscape, immune evasion, and, in many cancers, viral DNA integration with sustained oncoprotein expression.
FINANCIAL CAPACITIES OF THE LOCAL BUDGET IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS
The article studies the problem of the financial capabilities of the local budget in the development of regions in connection with the declaration by the President of 2026 as the “Year of Neighborhood Development and Society Upliftment”. The structure of the local budget, sources of income entering it (local taxes, fees, transfers, etc.) are considered in detail. The impact of the local budget on socio-economic development, ways to strengthen and increase its effectiveness, and existing shortcomings (for example, the lack of circulation of bills) are also substantiated. The article also presents proposals for the distribution of budget expenditures and increasing local financial independence. The results of the study have practical value in improving local budget policy and strengthening financial support for the sustainable development of regions.
THE PROBLEM OF FINDING AN ADEQUATE EQUIVALENT IN TRANSLATION OF POLYSEMANTIC WORDS IN UZBEK AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Interlingual interaction and exchange are becoming increasingly important in today's era of globalization. When learning and translating different languages, it is important to correctly understand and convey the underlying nature of linguistic phenomena. In this regard, one of the most complex problems encountered in the translation process is the correct and adequate transfer of polysemantic, i.e. words with multiple meanings, from one language to another. Each language has its own content system and semantic content, and the words in it cover different areas of meaning. Polysemantic words take on a more complex and multifaceted phenomenon in such a scope.