Western European Journal of Linguistics and Education
Western European Journal of Linguistics and Education is an international peer-reviewed journal that welcomes submissions from across the world that advance knowledge, theory, or methodology at the intersections of linguistics and education. The journal is concerned with the role played by language and other communicative/semiotic systems in mediating opportunities for learning and participation in a globalized world. Research published in the journal engages with the complexities and changing realities of educational contexts and practices, focusing on all levels of formal education, as well as a wide variety of informal learning contexts throughout the lifespan and across modes, genres and technologies ISSN (E): 2942-190X ResearchBib IF: 10.75 SJIF 2026: 9.809
MEASURING SUBSTANDARD LEXIS SHIFTS IN UZBEK RUSSIAN TRANSLATION USING ALIGNED CORPORA
The paper measures how substandard lexis (argot, jargon, colloquial and vulgar items) changes when Tahir Malik's novel Shaytanat moves from Uzbek into Russian. A sentence-aligned parallel corpus of the novel and its 2016 Russian edition supplies the data. Every substandard token receives a shift label, after which the distribution across five categories, namely neutralisation, register shift, compensation, explicitation and omission, is counted. Neutralisation prevails, which supports Toury's law of growing standardisation for this low-resource pair. Criminal argot resists neutralisation more than colloquial items, because Russian offers ready equivalents inherited from a shared Soviet-era substandard stock
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AI SUPPORTED LINGUOCULTURAL TRAINING IN KARAKALPAK-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM
This study explores the development of linguocultural competence among first-year nonphilological students studying Russian as a foreign language in a Karakalpak-Russian bilingual context. The research is grounded in the premise that effective language acquisition requires not only linguistic knowledge but also an understanding of cultural meanings embedded in communication. A mixed methods research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study involved pre- and post- testing, questionnaires, classroom observations, and an experimental teaching intervention. The instructional model incorporated linguoculturally oriented tasks, authentic materials, comparative cultural analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI) supported tools to enhance personalized learning and feedback. The results demonstrate statistically significant improvements in students’ linguocultural competence, including vocabulary acquisition, pragmatic usage, and interpretation of culturally marked language units. The experimental group outperformed the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. In addition, a reduction in negative language transfer was observed, indicating improved differentiation between linguistic systems in a bilingual environment
THE STRATEGIC POWER OF LANGUAGE IN DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS
Realist scholars say that material power - the size of a country's army or economy – have strong effect on global stage as well as decides the outcomes of diplomatic negotiations. In this view, language is seemed just decoration, however this paper argues that language is not decoration, it is an important factor on its own and plays a crucial role to solve problems or come to compromise. The paper uses Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) to compare three historical cases: the talks before Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the letters between Kennedy and Khrushchev during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, and the negotiations that produced the 2015 Iran nuclear agreement (JCPOA). The comparison shows that unclear, vague language made the Iraq-Kuwait crisis more dangerous wheras in the other two cases, careful and flexible language helped the sides reach an agreement. The paper ends with practical lessons for diplomats and is honest about the limits of a study based on only three cases
VARIOUS ARTISTIC STYLES FOUND IN THE POETRY OF MAQSUD SHAYXZODA
This article discusses the use of synonyms in the works of Maqsud Shayxzoda representing various artistic styles and literary trends, as well as their role in creating poetic imagery. Particular attention is paid to the linguopoetic features of Shayxzoda’s poetry, highlighting the semantic, stylistic, and expressive functions of synonymous lexical units. The paper also presents several observations on the distinctive artistic characteristics found in the poet’s works.
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF POETIC TEXT
This article explores the concepts, distinguishing patterns, requirements, and conventions of poetic text. Poetic composition has a unique style that distinguishes it from other discourse registers. The study clearly distinguishes between numerous speech patterns, including the language of journalism, television, fiction, and conversational speech. Stylistics is at the heart of linguistics; it improves the aesthetic and artistic quality of speech while revealing the figurative language and artistic-linguistic essence of linguopoetic texts. Furthermore, the article gives a thorough examination of the fundamental elements of poetic discourse, such as rhythm, rhyme, meter, and intonation
STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS OF NOMINAL PHRASES IN MODERN ENGLISH
This article investigates the structural, semantic and functional representations of nominal phrases in the English language. A nominal phrase is one of the central syntactic units in English grammar because it performs various functions in sentence structure, such as subject, object, complement, modifier and prepositional complement. The study focuses on the internal organization of nominal phrases, their grammatical components, semantic features and communicative roles in different contexts. Special attention is paid to the head noun, determiners, premodifiers, postmodifiers, genitive constructions, appositive structures and complex nominal groups. The article also discusses how nominal phrases contribute to reference, information packaging, cohesion and academic style. The analysis shows that nominal phrases in English are not merely combinations of nouns and modifiers, but complex linguistic structures that represent objects, concepts, events, qualities and abstract relations. The research is based on descriptive, structural-semantic and functional methods. The findings may be useful for English grammar studies, syntax analysis, translation practice and academic writing
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOLKLORE AND FANTASY IN THE WORKS OF NEIL GAIMAN AND J.R.R. TOLKIEN
This article examines the relationship between folklore and fantasy in the literary works of Neil Gaiman and J.R.R. Tolkien, focusing particularly on American Gods and The Hobbit. The study explores how traditional myths, legends, and folkloric motifs are transformed into modern fantasy narratives. Using a comparative literary analysis within the IMRaD structure, the article investigates the similarities and differences between Tolkien’s classical fantasy approach and Gaiman’s contemporary reinterpretation of mythological traditions. The research identifies the role of folklore in shaping fictional worlds, characters, symbolism, and cultural identity. Furthermore, the article highlights the influence of mythology on narrative structure and thematic development. The findings demonstrate that both authors successfully preserve folkloric heritage while adapting it to the literary expectations of different historical periods and audiences
METHODS FOR DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE CLASSES
Speaking is one of the most complex skills in English language learning because it requires learners to combine vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, fluency, interactional strategy and confidence in real time. This article analyses effective methods for developing students’ oral speech skills in English classes at university level. The study is based on a review of CEFR-oriented speaking descriptors, British Council teaching resources and a model quasiexperimental classroom dataset involving interactive speaking methods. The proposed intervention includes role-play, information-gap activities, small-group discussion, debate, presentations, interviews, peer feedback and digital speaking practice. Statistical comparison of a model experimental group and a control group shows that systematic use of interactive methods can substantially improve speaking performance, especially fluency, interaction and confidence. The article provides tables, diagrams, a speaking assessment rubric and an implementation model that can be adapted for English language classes in higher education.
GENDER CATEGORY IN ARABIC: CLASSIFICATION, CHARACTERISTICS, AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF MUZAKKAR AND MUANNAS
This article examines one of the important grammatical categories of the Arabic language: the gender category.
ANALYSIS OF THE SKIMMING AND SCANNING TECHNIQUES FOR INCREASING THE READING SPEED OF ACADEMIC TEXTS IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING ENGLISH
As we all know, education and technology are developing rapidly day by day.One of the main pillars of developing education is language learning. At present, the demand for learning English in our country is growing significantly.The language learning process includes areas such as reading, speaking, listening, and writing, and these methods provide the foundation for learning the language more deeply and thoroughly.This article discusses the differences and advantages of the Skimming and Scanning techniques in the process of learning to read.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN ARABIC NAHWID AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN UZBEK: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This article provides a comparative analysis of sentence (jumla) structure in Arabic grammar and sentence construction in Uzbek. In Arabic, a sentence is divided into two main types.
Abduvahobov Shahzodbek Ravshanbek o‘g‘li
THE LINGUISTIC REFORMS OF ABUL ASWAD AD-DUALI AND HIS FUNDAMENTAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCIENCE OF NAHV IN THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL ARABIC LINGUISTICS
This scientific research article presents an in-depth analysis of the life and the sociopolitical and scholarly activity of Abul Aswad ad-Duali, the great thinker and scholar who laid the foundation of classical Arabic linguistics. Drawing on historical sources, the article examines the reforms carried out by the scholar to prevent the linguistic deformations that arose as a result of the expansion of the Islamic Caliphate, in particular the problem of ‘lahn’ (grammatical errors). The article provides a detailed analysis of Abul Aswad ad-Duali’s fundamental contributions to the systematization of Arabic grammar (the science of Nahv): the rules for dividing speech into the categories of noun, verb, and particle, the introduction of the i‘rab (syntactic flexion) system, his discovery of a phonetic-diacritical system using colored dots, and the initial structural foundations of the amil-ma’mul theory. The study also reveals the methodological significance of the principles laid down by the scholar for the formation of the Basra and Kufa schools of Nahv.
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF INNER TRAUMA/SORROW IN VIRGINIA WOOLF’S “MRS. DALLOWAY” AND ABDULLA QODITIY’S “BYGONE DAYS” (O ‘TKAN KUNLAR): A COMPARATIVE COGNITIVE
This study provides a comparative linguo-cognitive analysis of the conceptualization of inner trauma and sorrow in Virginia Woolf’s modernist masterpiece “Mrs. Dalloway” and Abdulla Qodiriy’s foundational Uzbek novel “Bygone Days” (O‘tkan Kunlar). Operating within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff &Johnson,1980) and Emotion Kognition (Kovecses, 2000), the paper investigates how two distinct cultural paradigmsWestern modernism and Eastern-Islamic realism-map complex human emotions onto linguistic structures. Through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual data extracted from both novels, the research identifies the dominant source domains used to express psychological turmoil. Preliminary findings suggest that while Woolf heavily relies on somatic, mechanical, and meteorological source domains (e.g., sorrow as a cold wave or a sharp edge) to mirror the fragmented “stream of consciousness”, Qodiriy employs traditional macro–metaphors deeply rooted in Eastern poetic discourse (e.g, grief as fire or captivity within the heart).The paper concludes that these linguo-cognitive variations are not merely stylistic choices but are profoundly shaped by the distinct cognitive worldviews and cultural frameworks of the twentieth-century English and Uzbek socities
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE 6TH GRADE INFORMATICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES TEXTBOOK)
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has transformed various aspects of human life, including educational practices. The integration of AI into school education creates new opportunities for improving teaching effectiveness, promoting personalized learning, and developing students' digital competencies. This study aims to develop a methodology for teaching general secondary school students using artificial intelligence technologies based on the content of the 6th Grade Informatics and Information Technologies textbook. The research analyzes the pedagogical potential of AI tools in enhancing students' learning experiences and examines ways to integrate these technologies into classroom instruction while considering learners' cognitive and psychological characteristics. The study employs theoretical analysis, comparative analysis, pedagogical modeling, and observation methods. The findings indicate that the effective use of AI technologies contributes to the development of digital literacy, critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and problem-solving skills among students. Furthermore, AI-supported learning environments increase students' motivation and engagement while supporting individualized instruction. The proposed methodology may serve as a practical framework for Informatics teachers seeking to implement AI technologies in general secondary education.
COMMUNICATIVE TRANSFORMATION OF AFFIXES IN MODERN DISCOURSE (BASED ON UZBEK AND KAZAKH LANGUAGES)
This article analyzes the communicative transformation of affixes in modern discourse in the Uzbek and Kazakh languages from linguistic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic perspectives. The study focuses on the expansion of affixes’ functional potential under the influence of digital communication, social networks, and informal speech. In contemporary discourse, affixes are examined not only as morphological units but also as multifunctional linguistic tools that express emotional intensity, pragmatic meaning, irony, evaluation, and communicative proximity. The comparative analysis reveals how cultural, ethnolinguistic, and speech etiquette factors influence the discursive transformation of affixes in both languages. The findings demonstrate that affixes function as dynamic and context-dependent units that play an important role in shaping modern communicative strategies
LINGUOCULTURAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL CONCEPTS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
The study of cultural concepts occupies a central position in contemporary cognitive linguistics, as concepts serve as fundamental units through which individuals perceive, categorize, and interpret reality. In Uzbek linguistics, cultural concepts represent important cognitive structures that reflect the historical experience, social values, traditions, and worldview of the Uzbek people. This research investigates the cognitive representation of cultural concepts in Uzbek linguistics and examines the linguistic mechanisms through which cultural knowledge is conceptualized and transmitted. Particular attention is given to culturally significant concepts such as homeland, family, hospitality, respect, honor, and spirituality, which constitute essential components of the Uzbek conceptual system. The study analyzes the semantic, cognitive, and cultural dimensions of these concepts as reflected in lexical units, phraseological expressions, proverbs, and literary texts. Employing cognitive and linguocultural approaches, the research reveals how language functions as a repository of collective cultural memory and a medium for preserving national identity. The findings demonstrate that cultural concepts are not merely linguistic phenomena but complex mental structures that shape the conceptual worldview of Uzbek speakers and contribute to the continuity of cultural traditions across generations
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF NATIONALLY MARKED UNITS IN THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM OF FAMILY
In anthropolinguistic research, linguistic phenomena reveal their particular features on the basis of universality, while their universal properties emerge through particularity. For this reason, the study of linguistic units increasingly requires these phenomena to be reassessed at the levels of both language and speech. In fact, such issues had already attracted scholarly attention at the theoretical stage of linguistic inquiry and began to be examined from various perspectives [1]. Within the relationship between pragmalinguistics and text, the phenomena of syllogism and moderation in linguistics are likewise manifested in interrelated ways [2]. Syllogism (from Greek syllogismos, meaning "inference") is one of the oldest and most complete forms of logical reasoning, whereby a third, new conclusion is derived from two propositions (judgments).
DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN TEACHING ENGLISH THROUGH TASK-BASED LANGUAGE
The development of communicative competence has become one of the primary objectives of English language teaching in modern education. Traditional language teaching methods often emphasize grammatical accuracy and vocabulary memorization, which may not adequately prepare learners for real-life communication. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) has emerged as an effective approach that focuses on meaningful language use through authentic tasks. This article explores the role of TBLT in developing learners’ communicative competence, discusses its theoretical foundations, key principles, and practical applications, and highlights its benefits and challenges in English language classrooms
PERSONALIZED HINDI LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES
This article explores the paradigm shift in language pedagogy by investigating personalized Hindi language learning through Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. Utilizing Natural Language Processing (NLP), Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), and automatic speech recognition (ASR), AI addresses the unique challenges of Hindi, such as the Devanagari script, phonetics, and complex grammar syntax. The study evaluates how adaptive learning algorithms tailor educational materials based on individual learner proficiency, cognitive speed, and retention styles. The findings indicate that AI-driven personalization enhances communicative competence, reduces user anxiety, and increases long-term retention compared to traditional one-size-fits-all frameworks
LINGUOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TONGUE TWISTERS FORMED ON THE BASIS OF THE LEXEME HAIL
This article investigates the linguocultural characteristics of tongue twisters formed on the basis of the lexeme hail. As a meteorological phenomenon, hail is characterized by suddenness, intensity, and distinctive acoustic and visual effects when it strikes surfaces. In oral folklore, tongue twisters based on this lexeme reflect not only phonetic and articulatory complexity but also cultural perceptions, symbolic meanings, and cognitive associations connected with nature. The study examines the phonetic, semantic, cognitive, and cultural dimensions of hail-based tongue twisters and demonstrates their role in enhancing linguistic competence and preserving cultural worldview.
PRAGMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INTENSIFIERS IN YOUTH SPEECH
This paper examines the pragmatic function of intensifiers within contemporary youth discourse, moving beyond their traditional role as mere degree modifiers. It explores how young speakers apply these linguistic elements to negotiate social identity, project subjectivity, and enhance the emotional intensity of their interactions. By analyzing both spoken and digital language patterns, the research highlights how youth serve as catalysts for linguistic evolution, continuously adapting intensifiers to meet the expressive demands of peer-group communication. The findings suggest that the usage of intensifiers is driven by social context, group affiliation, and a pursuit of lexical creativity. Ultimately, this paper underlines the role of intensifiers as essential pragmatic tools that reflect the dynamic, creative adolescent communication in the modern digital age.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF CODE-SWITCHING IN BILINGUAL SPEECH COMMUNITIES
This article investigates the sociolinguistic motivations and pragmatic functions of code-switching within bilingual speech communities. Code-switching, the systematic alternating between two or more languages within a single conversation, is analyzed not as a sign of linguistic deficiency, but as a deliberate communicative strategy. By examining the linguistic behavior of bilingual speakers, this study explores how social context, participant relationships, and psychological factors influence language choice. The findings demonstrate that code-switching serves critical interpersonal functions, including identity construction, emphasis, and the signaling of group solidarity, highlighting the complex interplay between language and social structure
DIGITAL NEOLOGISMS AND SOCIAL MEDIA VOCABULARY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: A COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC STUDY
This article presents a comparative linguistic analysis of social network lexicon in English and Uzbek. The study investigates digital neologisms, their formation mechanisms, and their semantic and morphological characteristics within online communication. Particular attention is paid to the adaptation of English social media terminology into Uzbek through borrowing, translation, and the creation of hybrid lexical forms. The findings demonstrate that social media has become a significant factor in contemporary language development, while the Uzbek language preserves its grammatical structure and actively adapts to new digital realities.
PROBLEMS OF INTERLINGUAL EQUIVALENCE AND SEMANTIC ASYMMETRY OF LIVESTOCK TERMS IN THE UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
This article investigates the problems of interlingual equivalence and semantic asymmetry of livestock terms in the Uzbek and English languages. Livestock terminology represents a significant lexical layer connected with agricultural production, animal breeding, veterinary practice, rural culture and professional communication. Although Uzbek and English possess a rich system of livestock-related lexical units, their terminological structures do not always coincide. Some terms demonstrate full equivalence, while others reveal partial, contextual or descriptive correspondence
PRACTICAL METHODS OF TEACHING SLOW LEARNERS
The issue of educating slow learners has become increasingly important in modern educational systems because classrooms today consist of students with different abilities, learning speeds, and educational needs. Slow learners are students who learn academic concepts more slowly than average learners but are not intellectually disabled. They require special attention, individualized instruction, and supportive teaching methods in order to succeed academically and socially. Traditional teaching approaches are often ineffective for such learners because these methods usually focus on average-performing students. This article discusses the theoretical background and practical methods of teaching slow learners. It explains the characteristics and causes of slow learning and highlights the important role of teachers, parents, and educational institutions in supporting these students. The article also examines various practical teaching methods such as differentiated instruction, remedial teaching, multisensory learning, cooperative learning, activity-based learning, and the use of educational technology. In addition, the importance of motivation, emotional support, and continuous assessment is discussed. The article concludes that with proper teaching strategies, patience, encouragement, and inclusive educational practices, slow learners can improve their academic performance, self-confidence, and social integration
INSTITUTIONAL, ORGANIZATIONAL, AND LEGAL CHALLENGES IN THE PR ACTIVITIES OF POLITICAL PARTIES
This article comprehensively examines the institutional, organizational, and legal challenges of the public relations (PR) system in the activities of political parties, based on the experience of Uzbekistan. The study highlights the significance of PR in contemporary political communication and its role in shaping public trust. Furthermore, it analyzes the interaction of political parties with the media, the activities of press services, digital communication policies, and the legal issues observed in Uzbekistan. Based on the scientific perspectives of Erast Galumov, A.D. Krivonosov, O.G. Filatova, M.A. Shishkina, and V.V. Shatilov, the author develops analytical interpretations and provides practical examples grounded in national legislation
THE REIMAGINATION OF FAIRY TALE STRUCTURES IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN NARRATIVE
This research explores the profound shifts in how traditional fairy tale structures are reimagined within the landscape of contemporary American prose. While classical folklore often relied on moral polarities and magical intervention, modern American writers are deconstructing these frameworks to address the complexities of the 21st-century human condition. The study focuses on the transition from external wonder to internal trauma, the urbanization of magical spaces, and the subversion of archetypal gender roles. By analyzing the "metamorphosis" of these narratives, the research demonstrates how the contemporary fairy tale serves as a vehicle for social criticism and psychological exploration.
THE ROLE OF VERBAL ASPECT IN EXPRESSING VALUES IN RUSSIAN PROVERBS
The article examines how the Russian grammatical category of verbal aspect participates in the value organization of proverbial speech. The material is a manually selected micro-corpus of Russian proverbs from V. I. Dahl's collection, with additional control examples from common Russian paremiological usage. The analysis does not treat perfective and imperfective forms only as temporal or formal markers. It asks what type of moral knowledge each aspect helps to frame: stable norm, repeated habit, completed deed, irreversible result, warning, or permitted rest after work. The study shows that imperfective forms usually support axiological generalization, while perfective forms often compress consequence and accountability. Mixed constructions create a small but productive value scenario: first complete the necessary action, then judge, rest, or accept the result. The findings are relevant for Russian grammar, paremiology, linguoculturology, and teaching Russian as a foreign language
LINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE INVESTIGATION OF COLORONYMS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE: THE ANALYSIS OF "SABBAI SAYYOR" AND MODERN LINGUISTIC PERCEPTION
This article explores the linguoculturological and cognitive essence of color-expressing units (coloronyms) in the Uzbek language within the paradigm of anthropocentric linguistics. Rather than operating merely as surface-level lexical tokens, color terms function as deeply embedded conceptual structures that encapsulate centuries of empirical wisdom, mythopoetic archetypes, and ethno-cultural codes specific to the Uzbek nation. Utilizing Alisher Navo’i’s epic masterpiece "Sabbai Sayyor" ("Seven Planets") as a primary textual locus, this study decodes the symbolic hierarchy of colors and substantiates their cognitive trajectories within modern linguistic consciousness. The research methodology synthesizes textual hermeneutics, cognitive modeling, and empirical associative testing. The findings demonstrate a profound semantic continuity, revealing that the socio-cultural and mystical frameworks assigned to colors in classical Chagatai (Old Uzbek) literature remain vigorously active within contemporary Uzbek conceptualizations.