Western European Journal of Medicine and Medical Science
Western European Journal of Medicine and Medical Science is focused on specialized clinical research activities related to the health problems of human. Special emphasis is placed on the application of medical science to improve the healthcare of underserved populations. The Journal has the following objectives: (1) to expand the base of original peer-reviewed literature and the quality of that research on the topic of human health; (2) to provide greater dissemination of this research; (3) to offer appropriate and timely recognition of the significant contributions of physicians who serve these populations; and (4) to promote engagement by online publication of this research. ISSN (E): 2942-1918 ResearchBib IF: 10.99 SJIF 2026: 9.653
MULTISLICE CT ANGIOGRAPHY AND PERFUSION ASSESSMENT AFTER EXTRAINTRACRANIAL MICROANASTOMOSIS IN MOYAMOYA DISEASE
The article describes the application of CT angiography of the brachiocephalic and intracranial arteries in combination with cerebral CT perfusion for the evaluation of patients with moyamoya disease before and after extra-intracranial microanastomosis. These imaging methods are used to assess vascular changes, determine the condition of cerebral blood flow, and monitor postoperative results
Aliakbarov Mirabror Akramovich Akramovna
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PERSISTENT GASTRIC MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION AFTER HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION: MECHANISMS, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND MANAGEMENT
Helicobacter pylori is a Group 1 carcinogen and a principal cause of chronic active gastritis and downstream premalignant lesions. Successful eradication reduces gastric cancer incidence at the population level, yet post-treatment mucosal recovery is frequently incomplete, with persistent inflammation reported during endoscopic follow-up. This narrative review integrates evidence from clinical follow-up cohorts, randomized trials, and mechanistic studies addressing post-eradication gastric mucosal inflammation, framed using the Updated Sydney System (activity vs chronic inflammation) and OLGA/OLGIM staging. Across longitudinal biopsy studies, neutrophilic activity declines earlier after eradication than chronic mononuclear inflammation, while atrophy and intestinal metaplasia regress slowly and may persist for years. Persisting inflammation after confirmed eradication may reflect residual immune activation, ongoing chemical/reactive injury (e.g., bile reflux, NSAIDs), or altered post-treatment microbial ecology. Dyspeptic symptoms may also persist despite cure, consistent with overlap with functional dyspepsia and non–H. pylori gastropathies. A practical approach emphasizes confirmation of eradication, identification of non–H. pylori drivers, and stage-based risk stratification to guide follow-up and surveillance
Echinococcosis also remains a serious problem today. Highly informative diagnostic methods allow hepatic echinococcosis to be diagnosed at its early stage. This brings mini-invasive, saving operations under ultrasound, X-ray, TV, and endoscopic guidance up to a new level. The accumulated experience suggests that the current high-tech operations that are an alternative to traditional access surgery can be extensively used. However, only strict observance of a protocol for saving operations, their performance in specialized hospitals, and compulsory antiparasitic therapy with albendazole will be of benefit to mini-invasive surgery for hepatic echinococcosis
SIMULATION-BASED TRAINING AS A STRATEGY FOR REDUCING MEDICATION ERRORS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION: A MIXEDMETHOD ANALYSIS
Medication errors remain a significant cause of preventable patient harm, particularly during drug administration [1]. Nursing and medical students are especially vulnerable due to limited clinical exposure and insufficient confidence in practical skills. This study evaluates the effectiveness of simulation-based training in reducing medication errors among undergraduate medical students. A mixed-method approach combining literature review and questionnaire-based survey was used. Findings indicate that while students possess theoretical knowledge, they lack confidence in dosage calculation and medication administration. Simulation-based learning significantly improves clinical decision-making, error recognition, and practical competence [3,4]. The study strongly supports integrating simulation into medical curricula to enhance patient safety
EFFECTIVENESS OF SIMULATION-BASED PEDIATRIC TRAINING IN IMPROVING CLINICAL COMPETENCE AND DECISIONMAKING SKILLS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS
In recent years, simulation-based education has become an important component of modern medical training. Traditional clinical teaching methods often provide limited opportunities for students to actively practice diagnostic reasoning and clinical decisionmaking, particularly in pediatric settings where patient safety considerations restrict independent student participation. Simulation-based training offers a safe and controlled learning environment where students can develop both technical and non-technical clinical competencies through realistic clinical scenarios
DECIPHERING THE MECHANOBIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PATHWAYS OF BIOPROSTHETIC HEART VALVE CALCIFICATION: THE DAWN OF NEXT GENERATION SMART BIO SCAFFOLDS
Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) remain the gold standard for valvular replacement; however, their clinical longevity is strictly compromised by structural valve degeneration (SVD), primarily driven by accelerated calcification. While mechanical stresses are recognized, the orchestrating molecular cascades and the specific cellular cross-talk at the graft-host interface remain fully elucidated
"A THREE-STAGE STRATEGY FOR TEACHING BIOPHYSICS IN HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: A BIOMEDICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH AND ITS IMPACT ON LEARNING OUTCOMES"
“Reforming the modern system of medical education is aimed at increasing the efficiency of training future doctors who not only have knowledge and skills, but are also ready to apply them in solving problems of professional activity. The authors show the need for biophysics in the future professional activity of a future specialist doctor in solving professional problems”.
COGNITIVE OUTCOMES AFTER SURGICAL TREATMENT (ADENOTOMY/TONSILLECTOMY)
This article explores the cognitive outcomes observed following surgical treatment of hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids, primarily focusing on adenotomy and tonsillectomy. It gives a comprehensive analysis of the neurological, behavioral, and cognitive changes that might occur as a result of restoring airway functionality and improving sleep quality. The article addresses preoperative and postoperative cognitive states, pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment due to obstructive sleep disorders, and the impact of surgical interventions on academic performance, attention, memory, and executive functions in pediatric and adolescent populations.
MODERN ALGORITHMS FOR HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS OF HEALTHCARE PERSONNEL IN THERAPEUTIC PRACTICE
This article analyzes modern approaches and algorithms for the hygienic assessment of working conditions of healthcare personnel in therapeutic practice. The work environment of physicians and mid-level medical staff in healthcare institutions is characterized by numerous harmful and hazardous factors, including biological, chemical, physical, and psychoemotional loads. The paper addresses the development of modern algorithms aimed at the comprehensive assessment of these factors, their monitoring, and the determination of compliance with hygienic standards. In addition, system-based approaches for optimizing working conditions, preventing occupational diseases, and strengthening the health of medical personnel are substantiated. The proposed algorithm includes step-by-step assessment, determination of risk levels, and the development of preventive measures. The research findings have significant scientific and practical importance for creating safe and comfortable working conditions for healthcare personnel in therapeutic settings.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TEXTS IN LINGUISTICS
This article examines the functional analysis of texts in linguistics and its significance in understanding language as a communicative and social phenomenon. Functional text analysis focuses on the relationship between language structures and their communicative purposes within specific contexts. The paper explores the theoretical foundations of functional linguistics, the classification of text functions, discourse structures, contextual meanings, and pragmatic features. Special attention is paid to the role of cohesion, coherence, communicative intention, and stylistic variation in textual interpretation. The article also discusses the contributions of prominent linguists to functional approaches and analyzes the practical applications of text functional analysis in education, translation studies, discourse analysis, media communication, and intercultural interaction. The study concludes that functional text analysis plays a crucial role in modern linguistics by enabling researchers to interpret language beyond grammatical structures and understand the interaction between language, society, and communication
IMPROVING THE PRINCIPLES OF REHABILITATION FOR POST-VACCINATION COMPLICATIONS
The problem of post-vaccination complications in young children remains relevant not only in terms of timely diagnosis and treatment, but also in matters of subsequent medical rehabilitation. Even with a favorable course of the disease, some children have long-term functional disorders of the central nervous system, manifested by increased neuro-reflex excitability, sleep disorders, delayed psychomotor development, muscular dystonia and convulsive readiness.The aim of the study was to improve the principles of rehabilitation of children with post-vaccination complications, depending on the age and duration of the disease. 132 young children with post-vaccination complications and 40 practically healthy children of the control group were examined. Clinical and neurological, laboratory and instrumental research methods were carried out. It was found that the most common complications were hyperthermic syndrome, seizures, encephalic reactions and allergic manifestations
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LUNG DAMAGE AND STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MDR TUBERCULOSIS: LITERATURE REVIEW
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR tuberculosis) remains one of the most pressing problems in modern phthisiology and neurology, due to the high incidence of complications, the systemic nature of the pathological process, and an unfavorable prognosis involving the central nervous system. Damage to the central nervous system in patients with MDR pulmonary tuberculosis is accompanied by the development of neurological disorders of varying severity, changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain and structural disorders detected by neuroimaging studies
MONITORING THE RESULTS OF CERVICAL CANCER TREATMENT BASED ON DATA FROM THE SAMARKAND REGIONAL BRANCH OF THE REPUBLICAN SPECIALIZED SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEDICAL CENTER OF ONCOLOGY AND RADIOLOGY
Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women. It is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. This pathology remains a global public health problem, particularly in developing countries. According to GLOBOCAN 2022, 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths from cervical cancer were registered worldwide in 2020. Study Objective: To investigate the factors leading to unsatisfactory outcomes (early recurrence, prolonged growth, one-year mortality and survival) after combined and comprehensive treatment of patients with cervical cancer. Study Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of outpatient records and medical histories of 1,221 patients with cervical cancer treated between 2014 and 2023 was conducted, based on data from the Samarkand Regional Branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Oncology and Radiology. Data from anamnesis, clinical, laboratory, morphological, and instrumental examinations obtained from patients with cervical cancer, outpatient records, medical histories, and cancer registry records.
THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ENDOTHELIN-1 IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor peptide composed of 21 amino acids and primarily synthesized by vascular endothelial cells, is regarded as a key biological mediator in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Recent studies indicate that ET-1 is actively involved not only in the regulation of vascular tone but also in inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and the development of fibrosis. Elevated levels of ET-1 have been detected in pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This increase has been proven to be directly correlated with disease severity, the degree of hypoxemia, and systemic inflammation markers. By interacting with interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, and other cytokines, ET-1 activates the inflammatory cascade, intensifies structural changes in lung tissue, and induces vasoconstriction and remodeling in the pulmonary vessels. Furthermore, signaling pathways mediated through endothelin receptors (ETA and ETB) play a crucial role in pulmonary vascular hypertrophy and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Consequently, the endothelin system is considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of respiratory diseases. This article analyzes current scientific data on the biological properties, molecular mechanisms, and pathophysiological role of Endothelin-1 in major respiratory diseases and highlights its clinical significance
FACTORS LEADING TO CHRONIC CONSUMPTION IN CHILDREN AND ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
This thesis analyzes the factors that cause chronic constipation in children and its negative effects on the body.
ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC– PITUITARY SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN BODY
The hypothalamic–pituitary system is one of the most important neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms in the human body. This article discusses the anatomical structure, physiological functions, and clinical significance of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus serves as the central coordinating center between the nervous and endocrine systems, while the pituitary gland functions as the major endocrine regulator controlling peripheral glands. The article explains the hormonal interactions between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, including releasing and inhibiting hormones, trophic hormones, and feedback regulation mechanisms. Special attention is given to the hypothalamic–pituitary axes involved in metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress adaptation, and water balance. Furthermore, common pathological conditions associated with dysfunction of this system, such as pituitary adenomas, Cushing Syndrome, acromegaly, and Diabetes Insipidus, are briefly described. Understanding the anatomical and functional importance of the hypothalamic–pituitary system is essential in the fields of Endocrinology, physiology, and clinical medicine.
THE ROLE OF THE MUHTASIB IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and development of the muhtasib institute, which played an important role in ensuring human rights in the Middle Ages. The formation of this institution, its historical development, and the expansion of its powers in different dynasties are illustrated by various examples based on the appeals of citizens. In the Middle Ages, it was mentioned that the muhtasib institute was one of the important positions in ensuring human rights.
AN INTEGRATED STRATEGY FOR OPTIMIZING SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ADRENAL TUMORS THROUGH NOVEL SURGICAL INNOVATIONS
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the standard treatment for most adrenal tumors due to its lower invasiveness, reduced complication rate, and shorter hospital stay [1,2]. However, large, hormonally active, hypervascularized, and technically complex tumors are associated with an increased risk of bleeding, hemodynamic instability, and access conversion [3,4]. Study Objective: To improve the efficacy and safety of surgical treatment of adrenal tumors by implementing improved laparoscopic techniques developed by the authors. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes was conducted for 90 patients with adrenal tumors operated on in 2024-2026. Clinical, hormonal, radiation, and surgical outcomes were assessed. Results: Hormonally active tumors were detected in 91.1% of patients. Standard laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 66.6%, modified techniques in 22.2%, and handassisted laparoscopic surgery for tumors larger than 7 cm in 11.2%. The proposed methods reduced blood loss, expanded the indications for minimally invasive surgery, and decreased the conversion rate. Conclusion: The developed integrated approach improves surgical safety and expands the capabilities of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for complex adrenal tumors.
DAMAGE TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MDR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
MDR pulmonary tuberculosis is characterized by a severe and progressive course, accompanied by the development of severe systemic disorders affecting not only the respiratory system, but also the central nervous system. Chronic hypoxia, long-term intoxication, immune-inflammatory reactions and vascular disorders contribute to the formation of structural changes in the brain, which can further deepen with the spread of the tuberculosis process in the lungs. The results of the study showed a close relationship between the degree of lung damage in MDR pulmonary tuberculosis and the severity of neuroimaging changes in the brain
MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS OF OVARIAL ENDOMETRIOIS IN YOUNG GIRLS
This article analyzes the morphometric parameters of ovarian endometriosis in young girls using 18 patients as examples. Ultrasonography (USI) was used to study endometrial volume, capsule thickness, internal structural features, and blood flow parameters. The research results demonstrated that morphometric parameters are of significant importance in the early diagnosis of endometriosis
FEATURES OF DENTAL STATUS IN CHRONIC DIFFUSE LIVER LESIONS
Chronic diffuse liver lesions are one of the urgent medical and social problems that have a systemic effect on the body, including the condition of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study is to study the measures of a comprehensive diagnostic approach to assessing the dental status in patients with chronic diffuse liver lesions of varying severity. The study included 138 patients with oral pathology and liver lesions of non-infectious etiology, who will be divided into three groups depending on the severity of the underlying disease, as well as a control group of practically healthy individuals. The comprehensive assessment included clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination methods.
HYPOLIPIDEMIC THERAPY IN THE COMPLEXITY OF IBS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES: MODERN OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS
The combination of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is associated with an extremely high cardiovascular risk and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis. Dislipidemia in type 2 diabetes has a specific aterogenic profile characterized by increased triglyceride levels, decreased cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, and the presence of small dense particles of low-density lipoproteins. The article presents modern approaches to hypolipidemic therapy in this category of patients, including the use of statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and small interfering RNAs (inclysiran). Particular attention is paid to combined treatment strategies, their effectiveness and safety, as well as promising areas of therapy.
Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, inclisiran, ezethimib
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS OF DENTAL FLUOROSIS AS A DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER OF HARD DENTAL TISSUES
Dental fluorosis is a developmental enamel defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth formation, presenting with a wide range of clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and diagnostic approaches to dental fluorosis. A narrative review of contemporary literature was conducted. The findings indicate that fluorosis manifests as symmetrical enamel changes ranging from mild opacities to severe structural damage. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, patient history, and standardized indices such as Dean’s Index. Differential diagnosis with other enamel defects is essential for accurate clinical decision-making. Early detection improves treatment outcomes and prevents unnecessary interventions.
Dental fluorosis; enamel defects; diagnosis; Dean’s Index; differential diagnosis
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RENAL CORTICAL BLOOD VESSELS IN EXPERIMENTAL METABOLIC SYNDROME
Metabolic syndrome is a complex pathological condition characterized by a combination of obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which significantly affect the structure and function of internal organs, particularly the kidneys. Vascular alterations within the renal cortex play a crucial role in the progression of renal dysfunction associated with metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological features of renal cortical blood vessels in experimental metabolic syndrome. An experimental study was conducted using laboratory animals with induced metabolic syndrome. Histological examination of renal tissue was performed to evaluate vascular structural changes within the cortical layer of the kidneys. The results demonstrated significant morphological alterations in renal cortical vessels, including vascular wall thickening, narrowing of the vascular lumen, endothelial damage, and perivascular edema. Microcirculatory disturbances and signs of sclerosis were also observed in some specimens. These changes were more pronounced in the experimental group compared to controls. In conclusion, experimental metabolic syndrome leads to substantial morphological remodeling of renal cortical blood vessels, contributing to impaired renal microcirculation and progression of renal pathology. Early detection of vascular alterations may be important for preventing chronic kidney damage associated with metabolic disorders
Advances in imaging technologies and liquid-based cytology are also discussed as key tools for improving diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, the study explores modern prognostic models, including genomic profiling and AI-based risk stratification, which aid in predicting disease progression and tailoring individualized treatment plans. Together, these innovations represent a significant step forward in reducing the incidence and mortality associated with cervical cancer.This work highlights recent advancements in the field of cervical cancer, focusing on three critical areas: prevention, early detection, and prognostic evaluation. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of HPV vaccination programs, novel biomarkers, and molecular screening techniques that enhance early recognition of precancerous changes
A NEW METHOD OF SUTURE SEALING IN LUNG SURGERY: CLINICAL EFFICIENCY AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
A comparative clinical study involving 275 patients demonstrated the high effectiveness of this new approach in reducing complications, drainage duration, and postoperative hospital stay.This article presents the clinical experience of applying a new method of suture sealing during lung surgery using the Hemoben biogel. The method is based on intraparenchymal injection of a gel substance into the area of tissue damage and aims to achieve reliable aerostasis and hemostasis.
STUDY OF BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT SUBTYPES OF ISCHEMIC STROKE
The aim of the study was to assess blood pressure (BP) variability in patients with different subtypes of ischemic stroke and its influence on the course of the disease. Patients with atherothrombotic, cardioembolic, and lacunar stroke were examined using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). It was found that BP variability differs depending on the stroke subtype: it was most pronounced in cardioembolic stroke and least pronounced in lacunar stroke. Increased BP variability was associated with more severe neurological deficits and an unfavorable prognosis. Control of BP variability is an important aspect in the management of patients with ischemic stroke
MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRANULOCYTES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS DISEASES
This article comprehensively analyzes the morphological and functional characteristics of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) and their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The T and B types of lymphocytes, their role in the immune response, as well as the phagocytic activity of monocytes, are highlighted. The importance of changes in the number and functional state of agranulocytes in the development of infectious and inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis, AIDS, pneumonia, and sepsis is shown. Also, the importance of laboratory-diagnostic methods, in particular general blood analysis, morphological and immunological examinations, is based on the identification of pathologies associated with these cells. The results of the study show that maintaining the balance of agranulocytes is an important factor in the body's immune defense
TACTICS OF RECONSTRUCTIVE AND PLASTIC SURGICAL OPERATIONS IN DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME
Inadequate surgical intervention technique selection in the construction of an appropriate foot is linked to high rates of reoperations and the prevalence of postoperative sequelae. The selection of the surgical technique based on the affected area is crucial for the formation of a weight-bearing foot. It is also important to maintain the integrity of the nutrient artery in a particular area of the foot, which is vital for feeding the foot's tissues. An adequate assessment of the peripheral arterial bed is crucial in this case.
This article examines the significance of Laser beams in modern medicine, their physical properties, mechanisms of interaction with biological tissues, and major clinical applications. The study analyzes the effectiveness of laser technologies in surgery, ophthalmology, dermatology, dentistry, oncology, physiotherapy, and diagnostics. The results indicate that laser-based methods differ from conventional treatment approaches due to their high precision, minimal invasiveness, reduced blood loss, and shorter recovery periods. At the same time, the high cost of laser equipment and the need for specially trained personnel remain important limitations