Western European Journal of Medicine and Medical Science
Western European Journal of Medicine and Medical Science is focused on specialized clinical research activities related to the health problems of human. Special emphasis is placed on the application of medical science to improve the healthcare of underserved populations. The Journal has the following objectives: (1) to expand the base of original peer-reviewed literature and the quality of that research on the topic of human health; (2) to provide greater dissemination of this research; (3) to offer appropriate and timely recognition of the significant contributions of physicians who serve these populations; and (4) to promote engagement by online publication of this research. ISSN (E): 2942-1918 ResearchBib IF: 10.99 SJIF 2026: 9.653
FACTORS LEADING TO CHRONIC CONSUMPTION IN CHILDREN AND ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
This thesis analyzes the factors that cause chronic constipation in children and its negative effects on the body.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC– PITUITARY SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN BODY
The hypothalamic–pituitary system is one of the most important neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms in the human body. This article discusses the anatomical structure, physiological functions, and clinical significance of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus serves as the central coordinating center between the nervous and endocrine systems, while the pituitary gland functions as the major endocrine regulator controlling peripheral glands. The article explains the hormonal interactions between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, including releasing and inhibiting hormones, trophic hormones, and feedback regulation mechanisms. Special attention is given to the hypothalamic–pituitary axes involved in metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress adaptation, and water balance. Furthermore, common pathological conditions associated with dysfunction of this system, such as pituitary adenomas, Cushing Syndrome, acromegaly, and Diabetes Insipidus, are briefly described. Understanding the anatomical and functional importance of the hypothalamic–pituitary system is essential in the fields of Endocrinology, physiology, and clinical medicine.
THE ROLE OF THE MUHTASIB IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and development of the muhtasib institute, which played an important role in ensuring human rights in the Middle Ages. The formation of this institution, its historical development, and the expansion of its powers in different dynasties are illustrated by various examples based on the appeals of citizens. In the Middle Ages, it was mentioned that the muhtasib institute was one of the important positions in ensuring human rights.
AN INTEGRATED STRATEGY FOR OPTIMIZING SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ADRENAL TUMORS THROUGH NOVEL SURGICAL INNOVATIONS
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the standard treatment for most adrenal tumors due to its lower invasiveness, reduced complication rate, and shorter hospital stay [1,2]. However, large, hormonally active, hypervascularized, and technically complex tumors are associated with an increased risk of bleeding, hemodynamic instability, and access conversion [3,4]. Study Objective: To improve the efficacy and safety of surgical treatment of adrenal tumors by implementing improved laparoscopic techniques developed by the authors. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes was conducted for 90 patients with adrenal tumors operated on in 2024-2026. Clinical, hormonal, radiation, and surgical outcomes were assessed. Results: Hormonally active tumors were detected in 91.1% of patients. Standard laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 66.6%, modified techniques in 22.2%, and handassisted laparoscopic surgery for tumors larger than 7 cm in 11.2%. The proposed methods reduced blood loss, expanded the indications for minimally invasive surgery, and decreased the conversion rate. Conclusion: The developed integrated approach improves surgical safety and expands the capabilities of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for complex adrenal tumors.
DAMAGE TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MDR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
MDR pulmonary tuberculosis is characterized by a severe and progressive course, accompanied by the development of severe systemic disorders affecting not only the respiratory system, but also the central nervous system. Chronic hypoxia, long-term intoxication, immune-inflammatory reactions and vascular disorders contribute to the formation of structural changes in the brain, which can further deepen with the spread of the tuberculosis process in the lungs. The results of the study showed a close relationship between the degree of lung damage in MDR pulmonary tuberculosis and the severity of neuroimaging changes in the brain
MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS OF OVARIAL ENDOMETRIOIS IN YOUNG GIRLS
This article analyzes the morphometric parameters of ovarian endometriosis in young girls using 18 patients as examples. Ultrasonography (USI) was used to study endometrial volume, capsule thickness, internal structural features, and blood flow parameters. The research results demonstrated that morphometric parameters are of significant importance in the early diagnosis of endometriosis
FEATURES OF DENTAL STATUS IN CHRONIC DIFFUSE LIVER LESIONS
Chronic diffuse liver lesions are one of the urgent medical and social problems that have a systemic effect on the body, including the condition of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study is to study the measures of a comprehensive diagnostic approach to assessing the dental status in patients with chronic diffuse liver lesions of varying severity. The study included 138 patients with oral pathology and liver lesions of non-infectious etiology, who will be divided into three groups depending on the severity of the underlying disease, as well as a control group of practically healthy individuals. The comprehensive assessment included clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination methods.
HYPOLIPIDEMIC THERAPY IN THE COMPLEXITY OF IBS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES: MODERN OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS
The combination of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is associated with an extremely high cardiovascular risk and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis. Dislipidemia in type 2 diabetes has a specific aterogenic profile characterized by increased triglyceride levels, decreased cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, and the presence of small dense particles of low-density lipoproteins. The article presents modern approaches to hypolipidemic therapy in this category of patients, including the use of statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and small interfering RNAs (inclysiran). Particular attention is paid to combined treatment strategies, their effectiveness and safety, as well as promising areas of therapy.
Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, inclisiran, ezethimib
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS OF DENTAL FLUOROSIS AS A DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER OF HARD DENTAL TISSUES
Dental fluorosis is a developmental enamel defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth formation, presenting with a wide range of clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and diagnostic approaches to dental fluorosis. A narrative review of contemporary literature was conducted. The findings indicate that fluorosis manifests as symmetrical enamel changes ranging from mild opacities to severe structural damage. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, patient history, and standardized indices such as Dean’s Index. Differential diagnosis with other enamel defects is essential for accurate clinical decision-making. Early detection improves treatment outcomes and prevents unnecessary interventions.
Dental fluorosis; enamel defects; diagnosis; Dean’s Index; differential diagnosis
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RENAL CORTICAL BLOOD VESSELS IN EXPERIMENTAL METABOLIC SYNDROME
Metabolic syndrome is a complex pathological condition characterized by a combination of obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which significantly affect the structure and function of internal organs, particularly the kidneys. Vascular alterations within the renal cortex play a crucial role in the progression of renal dysfunction associated with metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological features of renal cortical blood vessels in experimental metabolic syndrome. An experimental study was conducted using laboratory animals with induced metabolic syndrome. Histological examination of renal tissue was performed to evaluate vascular structural changes within the cortical layer of the kidneys. The results demonstrated significant morphological alterations in renal cortical vessels, including vascular wall thickening, narrowing of the vascular lumen, endothelial damage, and perivascular edema. Microcirculatory disturbances and signs of sclerosis were also observed in some specimens. These changes were more pronounced in the experimental group compared to controls. In conclusion, experimental metabolic syndrome leads to substantial morphological remodeling of renal cortical blood vessels, contributing to impaired renal microcirculation and progression of renal pathology. Early detection of vascular alterations may be important for preventing chronic kidney damage associated with metabolic disorders
Advances in imaging technologies and liquid-based cytology are also discussed as key tools for improving diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, the study explores modern prognostic models, including genomic profiling and AI-based risk stratification, which aid in predicting disease progression and tailoring individualized treatment plans. Together, these innovations represent a significant step forward in reducing the incidence and mortality associated with cervical cancer.This work highlights recent advancements in the field of cervical cancer, focusing on three critical areas: prevention, early detection, and prognostic evaluation. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of HPV vaccination programs, novel biomarkers, and molecular screening techniques that enhance early recognition of precancerous changes
A NEW METHOD OF SUTURE SEALING IN LUNG SURGERY: CLINICAL EFFICIENCY AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
A comparative clinical study involving 275 patients demonstrated the high effectiveness of this new approach in reducing complications, drainage duration, and postoperative hospital stay.This article presents the clinical experience of applying a new method of suture sealing during lung surgery using the Hemoben biogel. The method is based on intraparenchymal injection of a gel substance into the area of tissue damage and aims to achieve reliable aerostasis and hemostasis.
STUDY OF BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT SUBTYPES OF ISCHEMIC STROKE
The aim of the study was to assess blood pressure (BP) variability in patients with different subtypes of ischemic stroke and its influence on the course of the disease. Patients with atherothrombotic, cardioembolic, and lacunar stroke were examined using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). It was found that BP variability differs depending on the stroke subtype: it was most pronounced in cardioembolic stroke and least pronounced in lacunar stroke. Increased BP variability was associated with more severe neurological deficits and an unfavorable prognosis. Control of BP variability is an important aspect in the management of patients with ischemic stroke
MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRANULOCYTES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS DISEASES
This article comprehensively analyzes the morphological and functional characteristics of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) and their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The T and B types of lymphocytes, their role in the immune response, as well as the phagocytic activity of monocytes, are highlighted. The importance of changes in the number and functional state of agranulocytes in the development of infectious and inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis, AIDS, pneumonia, and sepsis is shown. Also, the importance of laboratory-diagnostic methods, in particular general blood analysis, morphological and immunological examinations, is based on the identification of pathologies associated with these cells. The results of the study show that maintaining the balance of agranulocytes is an important factor in the body's immune defense
Echinococcosis also remains a serious problem today. Highly informative diagnostic methods allow hepatic echinococcosis to be diagnosed at its early stage. This brings mini-invasive, saving operations under ultrasound, X-ray, TV, and endoscopic guidance up to a new level. The accumulated experience suggests that the current high-tech operations that are an alternative to traditional access surgery can be extensively used. However, only strict observance of a protocol for saving operations, their performance in specialized hospitals, and compulsory antiparasitic therapy with albendazole will be of benefit to mini-invasive surgery for hepatic echinococcosis
TACTICS OF RECONSTRUCTIVE AND PLASTIC SURGICAL OPERATIONS IN DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME
Inadequate surgical intervention technique selection in the construction of an appropriate foot is linked to high rates of reoperations and the prevalence of postoperative sequelae. The selection of the surgical technique based on the affected area is crucial for the formation of a weight-bearing foot. It is also important to maintain the integrity of the nutrient artery in a particular area of the foot, which is vital for feeding the foot's tissues. An adequate assessment of the peripheral arterial bed is crucial in this case.
This article examines the significance of Laser beams in modern medicine, their physical properties, mechanisms of interaction with biological tissues, and major clinical applications. The study analyzes the effectiveness of laser technologies in surgery, ophthalmology, dermatology, dentistry, oncology, physiotherapy, and diagnostics. The results indicate that laser-based methods differ from conventional treatment approaches due to their high precision, minimal invasiveness, reduced blood loss, and shorter recovery periods. At the same time, the high cost of laser equipment and the need for specially trained personnel remain important limitations
BLOOD VISCOSITY AND ITS BIOPHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article scientifically analyzes blood viscosity, its physical nature, its role in hemodynamic processes in the body, and its clinical significance. Blood viscosity is the property of blood to resist flow, and it directly affects the functioning of the cardiovascular system, microcirculation, oxygen supply to tissues, and metabolic processes. The article highlights the main factors influencing blood viscosity, including hematocrit level, plasma proteins, erythrocyte deformability, temperature, and pathological conditions. In addition, the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of increased or decreased blood viscosity are discussed
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEARING FUNCTION ALTERATIONS AND SURDOLOGICAL STRATEGIES IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
This article is dedicated to the comprehensive investigation of the pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic principles of sensorineural hearing loss that develops against the background of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Significant emphasis is placed on the profound impact of diabetic microangiopathy and neuropathy on the cochlear apparatus and central auditory pathways. Furthermore, the study meticulously examines the specific alterations observed in the results of pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and tympanometry. The paper also provides a scientifically grounded analysis of the complexities involved in the hearing aid fitting and rehabilitation process (prosthetics) for this particular patient demographic, alongside advanced surdological strategies designed to overcome these clinical challenges.
IMPROVING MINIMALLY INVASIVE TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PERMANENT TEETH CARIES IN CHILDREN DURING THE LATE MIXED DENTITION PERIOD: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in children, especially during the late mixed dentition period (6–12 years), when permanent teeth are erupting and undergoing post-eruptive maturation. The aim of this review is to analyze and systematize modern minimally invasive approaches for the management of caries in permanent teeth among children. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis, remineralization strategies, and non-invasive or micro-invasive interventions such as resin infiltration, atraumatic restorative treatment (ART), fissure sealing, and ozone therapy. These approaches aim to preserve tooth structure, reduce patient discomfort, and improve long-term outcomes. The integration of minimally invasive dentistry into pediatric practice represents a significant advancement in caries management.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DENTAL FLUOROSIS AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL ENAMEL DEFECTS: A CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Differential diagnosis of dental fluorosis remains a complex clinical challenge due to its similarity to other developmental and acquired enamel defects. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive comparative analysis of dental fluorosis and related enamel pathologies based on clinical, morphological, and etiological criteria. A narrative analytical review of contemporary literature was conducted. The results demonstrate that fluorosis can be reliably distinguished by its symmetrical distribution, dose-dependent severity, and specific enamel porosity patterns. However, overlap with early caries lesions, enamel hypoplasia, and genetic disorders complicates diagnosis. The integration of clinical indices, patient history, and morphological features significantly improves diagnostic accuracy.
“NAVOIYAZOT” JOINT-STOCK COMPANY: HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF FEMALE EMPLOYEES WORKING AT THE ENTERPRISE”
This study examines the nutritional status of female employees working at “Navoiyazot” Joint-Stock Company from a hygienic and occupational health perspective. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that women employed in large industrial enterprises are exposed to a combination of adverse occupational factors, including chemical exposure, physical strain, irregular work intensity, and psycho-emotional stress, all of which can significantly influence dietary needs and health outcomes. Proper nutrition under such conditions is not only a component of individual well-being, but also an essential determinant of work capacity, disease prevention, reproductive health, and labor productivity. The study focuses on assessing the adequacy of daily food intake, energy expenditure, macro- and micronutrient balance, and the relationship between nutritional patterns and the health condition of female workers aged 18 to 55 years. The research applies hygienic, analytical, questionnaire-based, and statistical methods to identify deficiencies in the nutritional structure of the workers’ diets and to evaluate the influence of occupational conditions on their nutritional status. Special attention is given to the prevalence of underweight, anemia, iron deficiency, and other nutrition-related disorders that may reduce functional capacity and increase health risks in female industrial workers. The findings are expected to provide a scientific basis for developing preventive nutritional measures and hygienically grounded dietary recommendations tailored to the real needs of women employed in chemically intensive production settings. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of improving workers’ health, optimizing daily dietary intake, and enhancing occupational safety through evidence-based nutritional correction. The research contributes to medical, hygienic, and preventive approaches aimed at supporting women’s health in modern industrial conditions
EFFECT OF DIABETES MELLITUS ON NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The central nervous system (CNS) is highly susceptible to both aging and metabolic disturbances, particularly those associated with diabetes mellitus. Neurodegenerative disorders—including cognitive decline, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis—often involve neuronal loss alongside abnormalities in glucose metabolism [7]. Cellular insulin signaling defects, compounded by elevated glucose and insulin levels, contribute to mitochondrial damage, increased oxidative burden, and chronic inflammation. These pathological mechanisms collectively alter CNS architecture and function, facilitating neurodegenerative progression is vital for unraveling disease mechanisms and identifying potential interventions.
HYGIENIC IMPORTANCE OF THE MICROCLIMATE IN HOSPITAL ROOMS
This article examines the hygienic significance of maintaining an optimal microclimate in hospital rooms. It highlights the impact of temperature, humidity, air quality, and ventilation on patients’ recovery, infection control, and overall well-being. Special attention is given to the role of proper microclimate management in preventing hospital-acquired infections and ensuring a safe environment for both patients and medical staff
IMPACT OF OPTICAL CORRECTION ON VISION-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY: A CORRELATION ANALYSIS BASED ON THE NEI VFQ-25 REPUBLICAN SPECIALIZED SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEDICAL CENTER OF EYE MICROSURGERY, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN
To evaluate and compare vision-related quality of life (VR-QoL) in patients after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) using scleral contact lenses versus spectacle correction, employing the NEI VFQ-25 questionnaire, and to assess the correlation between subjective outcomes and objective clinical parameters
MODERN APPROACHES TO DIETARY NUTRITION FOR PATIENTS WITH GOUT
Gout is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by hyperuricemia and inflammation at sites of monosodium urate crystal deposition. The goal of therapy is to maintain blood uric acid levels within normal limits, prevent exacerbations and complications, and improve patients' quality of life. This requires eliminating risk factors for the disease, following a therapeutic diet, and taking urate-lowering medications. This article presents data from an analysis of patient management in both inpatient and outpatient settings.
CLINICAL SIGNS, PATHOGENESIS, AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Acute myocardial infarctions are one of the leading causes of death in the developed world, with prevalence approaching three million people worldwide, with more than one million deaths in the United States annually. This statistic reviews the presentation, evaluation, and management of patients with acute myocardial infarctions and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for these patients.
CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURE AND UTERINE REMODELING
In recent years, the problem of the impact of adverse environmental factors on reproductive health has become increasingly relevant. One of the most common toxic agents is carbon monoxide (CO), which is formed during incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances and is widely found in urban areas, industrial production and domestic sources. These findings suggest that prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide leads to significant alterations in uterine microcirculation and tissue organization, which may adversely affect reproductive function
PATHOGENETIC CORRECTION OF GENITOURINARY SYNDROME OF MENOPAUSE: THE ROLE OF LASER TECHNOLOGIES AND LOCAL HORMONAL THERAPY
The study evaluates the efficacy of combining fractional CO2 laser with local estriol for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM). 60 postmenopausal women were divided into two groups: Group A (local estriol only) and Group B (CO2 laser+estriol). Results showed that Group B achieved a 45% increase in the epithelial maturation index compared to 28% in Group A. Combined therapy significantly improves vaginal health and reduces symptoms of atrophy
PSYCHOSOMATIC FACTORS IN CARDIOLOGICAL, NEUROLOGICAL, AND JOINT DISEASES, INTEGRATION OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH
This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the link between cardiovascular, central nervous system, and joint disorders and their psychological influences. It investigates the areas of cardiology, neurology, and rheumatology from a psychosomatic perspective, underscoring the significant role of stress, depression, anxiety, and emotional strain in the development and progression of these conditions. The article also examines the body's physiological responses to psychological states, such as increased heart rate, headaches, and joint inflammation, illustrating their close relationship with mental health. Furthermore, it highlights the critical role of integrating psychotherapy, stress management strategies, and emotional well-being restoration as part of a holistic treatment approach for these diseases. The results indicate that effective treatment can be achieved not only through pharmacological interventions but also by incorporating psychological approaches