Western European Journal of Medicine and Medical Science
Western European Journal of Medicine and Medical Science is focused on specialized clinical research activities related to the health problems of human. Special emphasis is placed on the application of medical science to improve the healthcare of underserved populations. The Journal has the following objectives: (1) to expand the base of original peer-reviewed literature and the quality of that research on the topic of human health; (2) to provide greater dissemination of this research; (3) to offer appropriate and timely recognition of the significant contributions of physicians who serve these populations; and (4) to promote engagement by online publication of this research. ISSN (E): 2942-1918 ResearchBib IF: 9.995 SJIF: 5.207
OPTIMIZATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES FOR COVID-19 AND COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA USING LOW-DOSE AND STANDARD CHEST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, chest computed tomography (CT) has played a central role in detecting pulmonary involvement and guiding clinical decision-making. However, repeated imaging raises concerns regarding cumulative radiation exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HYGIENIC FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN COMPUTERIZATION IN TEACHING THE SUBJECT “LIFE SAFETY”
Nowadays modern computer technologies are used in every sphere of our life. Telecommunication technologies have opened up new possibilities, especially in teaching the subject of “Life Safety”. According to researches of specialists it is stated that usage of computer networks gives student the need to become a member of of the social community. Telecommunications improve students' reading and speaking skills, increase their interest in learning, and, as a result, improve their overall level of learning. However, not marking the situation from one hand, it is important to keep in mind the hygienic requirement during the operation with computers.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
This article analyzes the clinical manifestations of chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD) and their diagnostic significance. Chronic rheumatic heart disease typically develops as a consequence of permanent damage to cardiac tissues following an episode of acute rheumatic fever. The main clinical features include heart murmurs, fatigue, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, urinary disturbances, and arrhythmias. In advanced stages, signs of heart failure become evident. The article provides a detailed analysis of early and late-stage symptoms, their severity, and the methods for diagnosis through clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Identifying clinical manifestations promptly and implementing timely treatment can reduce complications and improve patients’ quality of life. Additionally, the article highlights contemporary recommendations for the prevention and monitoring of rheumatic heart disease, emphasizing the importance of early detection and continuous followup in mitigating long-term cardiac damage.
PERMANENT TEETH ERUPTION FEATURES IN INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN OF TASHKENT CITY
determining the quantity, symmetry and timing of teeth eruption termination in intermediate school aged children
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENDOCRINE GLAND HORMONES IN YOUNG CHILDREN
This article discusses the role and significance of endocrine gland hormones in the growth and development of young children. Hormones produced by endocrine glands regulate many important physiological processes in the child’s body, including metabolism, growth, development of organs and tissues, and the functioning of the immune system. The article analyzes the functions of major endocrine glands such as the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, and adrenal glands, and explains their importance during early childhood. Special attention is given to hormonal balance and its impact on the healthy development of children.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW CATALYSTS FOR THE ESTERIFICATION REACTION OF ACETIC ACID WITH THE ETHEREAL FRACTION IN THE VAPOR PHASE
The esterification reactions of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of the esterification of These processes result in the formation of organic esters, which are widely used in various industries, particularly in pharmaceuticals, perfumery, food, textiles, and other industries. One of the most important processes for the technological production of esters is esterification. In particular, catalysts with high efficiency, low energy consumption, and environmental safety in vapor phase conditions are among the pressing issues for synthetic chemistry
ASSESSMENT OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Chronic pancreatitis(CP) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by fibrosis of the pancreatic tissue and functional insufficiency. As a result of the disease, both exocrine and endocrine insufficiency develop. Exocrine insufficiency leads to impaired digestion, malabsorption, and trophic changes. This article analyzes the degree of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and the quality of life indicators in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammatory process characterized by fibrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma and a decline in secretory function. The etiology of the disease includes alcohol consumption, metabolic disorders, genetic factors, and biliary tract pathology.Exocrine insufficiency develops as a result of decreased enzyme production by the pancreas. This condition leads to impaired digestion and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Consequently, patients experience weight loss, steatorrhea, hypovitaminosis, and general weakness
TUMOR-INDUCED STROKE: DIAGNOSTIC INSIGHTS FROM NEUROIMAGING
Despite the widespread use of advanced radiologic imaging techniques in neurosurgical practice, the diagnosis and management of various brain tumors (BT) remain significant challenges for clinicians and healthcare systems. This is largely due to the high incidence of both primary and metastatic brain tumors, the considerable rate of unfavorable outcomes, and the substantial financial burden associated with their treatment. In addition, brain tumors may lead to serious cerebrovascular complications, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, resulting from vascular compression, tumor invasion, hypercoagulability, or treatment-related effects. Early and accurate radiologic assessment plays a crucial role in detecting tumor-related stroke and guiding appropriate therapeutic strategies.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SECRETORY AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
The secretory and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) play a central role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and maintenance of homeostasis in the human body. This article provides a detailed analysis of the secretory mechanisms of the GIT, including gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal gland secretion processes, as well as motor activity patterns such as peristalsis and segmentation. The mechanisms of secretory–motor coordination are examined based on the integration of the enteric nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and gastrointestinal hormones. Modern theoretical concepts of GIT function are presented through the analysis of contemporary scientific literature.
“DETERMINATION OF THE NULL GENOTYPE OF GSTM1 AND GSTT1 GENES IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS BY REALTIME PCR”
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are phase II detoxification enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and protection against oxidative stress. The null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes result in complete absence of enzymatic activity, potentially increasing susceptibility to liver damage during viral hepatitis infections. This study aimed to determine the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) using real-time PCR. Blood samples were collected from 60 patients (30 HBV, 30 HCV). Genomic DNA was extracted, and GSTM1/GSTT1 genotypes were determined using TaqMan real-time PCR assays. The GSTM1 null genotype was observed in 40% of HBV patients and 46.7% of HCV patients, while GSTT1 null genotype was present in 33.3% and 36.7% of HBV and HCV patients, respectively. Combined null genotypes (GSTM1/GSTT1) were found in 13.3% of HBV and 16.7% of HCV patients. These findings suggest that null genotypes are relatively common among hepatitis patients and may be associated with increased vulnerability to oxidative liver injury. Identification of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes could inform personalized approaches for monitoring and managing viral hepatitis patients
REMOTE RESULTS OF VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC AND THORACOTOMY OPERATIONS FOR PULMONARY ECHINOCOCCECTOMY
Without detracting from the advantages of traditional echinococcectomies, we believe that the approach to choosing a surgical method should be strictly differentiated. Echinococcal cysts with a diameter of more than 50 mm, as well as recurrent cysts complicated by suppuration, as we gain experience, we allowed ourselves to interpret as “relative” contraindications to videothoracoscopic echinococcectomy of the lung; in the treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis, endovideosurgical echinococcectomy is and should be a priority.
This article discusses the surgical treatment of thyroid cancer, including indications for surgery, selection of the extent of surgical intervention, as well as postoperative complications and their prevention. The main treatment method for thyroid cancer is thyroidectomy (total or partial), and when necessary, lymph node dissection is performed. The effectiveness of surgical techniques, treatment strategies depending on the stage of the disease, and patient rehabilitation issues are analyzed
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BRUSH BORDER REMODELING OF ENTEROCYTES UNDER CHRONIC TOXIC-METABOLIC EXPOSURE
Chronic exposure to toxic agents combined with metabolic disorders represents a significant pathogenic factor affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine, as a central component of the barrier–metabolic system, is particularly vulnerable to combined toxic–metabolic injury. Structural integrity of the enterocyte brush border plays a crucial role in maintaining effective membrane digestion and nutrient absorption.
EARLY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES TO OVARIAN RESERVE DECLINE BASED ON GENETIC RISK FACTORS IN PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE
Premature ovarian failure (POF), also referred to as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), is a complex reproductive disorder characterized by the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 years. The condition is associated with hypoestrogenism, elevated gonadotropin levels, infertility, and long-term metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Recent advances in reproductive medicine have highlighted the crucial role of genetic factors in the development of POF, as well as the importance of early identification of declining ovarian reserve. Modern diagnostic strategies combine genetic testing, hormonal assessment, and ultrasonographic evaluation to predict ovarian aging at an early stage. This review analyzes genetic predictors of premature ovarian failure, evaluates methods for early detection of reduced ovarian reserve, and summarizes clinical studies assessing diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of current testing approaches. Early identification of women at risk allows timely reproductive counseling and fertility preservation strategies, significantly improving clinical outcomes.
NEW APPROACHES TO INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINATION WITH TYPHOID VACCINES IN MEDICINE AND SPORTS
Typhoid fever, caused by a variety of bacteria, remains a serious public health problem, especially in regions with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. One of the key strategies for the prevention of typhoid fever is the implementation of effective immunoprophylaxis measures. Vaccine prevention is recognized throughout the world as a decisive factor in reducing the incidence of infectious diseases, mitigating the severity of clinical symptoms and reducing mortality rates. About 343 people were examined in the work. All examined were males aged 18-22 years. To conduct the research, we used Vaccination with a chemical sorbed liquid typhoid vaccine produced by Uzbiopharm OJSC. Vaccination with dry alcoholic typhoid vaccine produced in the Russian Federation (series No. 23-2, K 23, R 94.161.387). Based on the results, it was concluded that the immunological effectiveness of the typhoid vaccine VBTHSJ OJSC "Uzbiofarm" was 66.66%, and the vaccine BTVSS RF - 74.58%. Immunomodulin contributed to an increase in the effectiveness of the VBTHSJ vaccine of Uzbiopharm OJSC from 66.66% to 95.17%
Palliative care (PC) is increasingly recognized as an essential component of highquality cancer care, with evidence from randomized trials and meta-analyses demonstrating that it improves quality of life, mood, and goal-concordant end-of-life care. Despite these benefits, PC integration has been inconsistent, with many patients still receiving PC later in their disease course. Current models of integration include outpatient colocated PC clinics, inpatient consultation services, community and home-based programs, and more recent innovations, such as telehealth and stepped approaches. These models have shown clear benefits; however, they are frequently organized by care settings rather than patient-specific needs, resulting in both underuse and inefficiency. Emerging evidence has begun to clarify the mechanisms through which PC provides patient benefits. Symptom control, coping support, longitudinal communication, and existential or spiritual interventions are among the active ingredients that are most consistently associated with improvements in patient outcomes. Recognition of these mechanistic drivers highlights the potential for precision PC, in which care is tailored to the unique drivers of each patient’s needs. Implementation of precision PC requires embedding validated patient-reported outcomes and structured referral algorithms into oncology workflows, enabling real-time triage of targeted interventions. Interoperable technology, workforce expansion through the training of non-specialists, and policy reforms that support scalable delivery models, such as telehealth and nurse-led pro- grams, will be essential for closing gaps in terms of access and equity. Precision PC offers a pragmatic framework for aligning limited resources with the diverse and evolving needs of patients with cancer, ensuring timely, individualized, and sustainable integration into modern oncology.
EARLY CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF FASTTRACK TECHNOLOGIES IN TUMORS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing Fast-track protocols on early postoperative clinical outcomes in patients with tumors of the female reproductive system
tumors of the female reproductive system
MODERN OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF HIV INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS (LITERATURE REVIEW)
In the article, the author reviews domestic and foreign literature on the epidemiology and prevention of HIV infection among serodiscordant couples. This article presents scientifically based explanations of the epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples and the development of the epidemic process, as well as social risk factors from an epidemiological point of view. Detailed information on the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment and disease prevention is provided.The proportion of women among new cases of infection in our country is increasing day by day, and the feminization of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among older women compared to women of reproductive age requires the strengthening of preventive programs and measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection.
MODERN BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major global public health challenge due to its progressive nature, high morbidity and mortality rates, and substantial socioeconomic burden. Early detection and accurate prognostic stratification are critical for slowing disease progression and optimizing patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic approaches based primarily on serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) often lack sufficient sensitivity for detecting early structural and functional renal impairment. In recent years, significant attention has been directed toward the identification and validation of novel biomarkers that reflect underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, including tubular injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and endothelial dysfunction
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPLICATIONS AFTER HOLMIUM LASER ENUCLEATION OF THE PROSTATE (HOLEP) AND TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE (TURP) IN PATIENTS WITH BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
to conduct a comparative analysis of the incidence and nature of postoperative complications in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STRESS IN PATIENTS WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME AND THE IMPACT OF RISK FACTORS
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is defined as a chronic disorder of gut–brain interaction characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and associated disturbances in bowel habits. The prevalence of IBS in the general population ranges from 1.5% to 10.1%, depending on geographic region and the diagnostic criteria used. The negative impact of IBS on patients’ quality of life is widely recognized and is associated with dietary restrictions, limitations in daily and social activities, interpersonal relationships, as well as a significant socioeconomic burden. This burden is largely due to the relatively low effectiveness of existing therapeutic strategies.
BREAST CANCER IN MEN: CLINICAL FEATURES AND DISEASE COURSE
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare but clinically significant malignancy that accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. Due to its low incidence and limited public awareness, diagnosis is often delayed, resulting in more advanced disease at presentation compared to female breast cancer. This paper reviews the clinical features, risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and disease course of breast cancer in men. It also analyzes current literature on epidemiology, pathology, treatment approaches, and prognosis. Understanding the unique clinical and biological characteristics of male breast cancer is essential for improving early detection, management strategies, and patient outcomes.
LONG-TERM NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF RADIOTHERAPY FOR BRAIN TUMORS: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, AND CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT APPROACHES
To determine the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and contemporary treatment strategies for long-term neurological complications of radiotherapy (RT) for brain tumors
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ACTUAL NUTRITION OF WOMEN IN THE CLIMACTERIC PERIOD
Nutrition is one of the key factors in maintaining a normal physiological state and work capacity at any age. A balanced diet appropriate to age has a positive effect on the development of aging processes in the body and on the nature of changes occurring in its various systems. Rational nutrition is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle, as well as prevention and treatment of most non-communicable diseases. Nutrition serves as a means of normalizing the body’s condition and maintaining high performance. The main elements of rational nutrition include compliance with physiological needs in quantitative and qualitative terms, balance, and an appropriate dietary regimen. A balanced diet is defined as nutrition that ensures optimal proportions of nutrients and biologically active substances capable of exerting their maximum beneficial biological effect in the body. The principles of balance between proteins, fats, and carbohydrates have been studied and developed to the greatest extent
SUBACULAR SCLEROZING PANENCEPHALITIS IN CHILDREN AND PALLIATIVE CARE
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSP) is a progressive and often fatal neurodegenerative disease that occurs as a result of long-term persistence of the measles virus in the central nervous system (CNS). SSP is mainly observed among children and adolescents, the onset of the disease often occurs years after measles. Currently, there is no specific curative therapy; Antiviral agents (inosiplex, interferon), immunomodulators, and symptomatic therapy may slow the progression of the disease or provide temporary remission in some patients, but the main approach is to provide comprehensive palliative and rehabilitation care. This article reviews the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, paraclinical diagnostics, and especially the principles of palliative treatment and rehabilitation appropriate to the stages of OSA. The article concludes with practical recommendations and future research directions. (NCBI)
STRENGTHENING THE INTEGRATION OF ANATOMY AND CLINICAL SCIENCES THROUGH AN INTEGRATIVE EDUCATIONAL APPROACH IN MEDICAL TRAINING
Human anatomy constitutes a cornerstone of medical education, forming the structural foundation upon which clinical knowledge, diagnostic reasoning, and therapeutic decision-making are built. A thorough understanding of the human body is essential for the safe and effective practice of medicine. Nevertheless, conventional methods of anatomy instruction have frequently been delivered in isolation from clinical contexts, which may result in compartmentalized learning and limited transfer of theoretical knowledge into clinical practice
CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONALIZED RISK ASSESSMENT AND INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT STRATEGIES IN UROLITHIASIS
Urolithiasis remains one of the most prevalent urological disorders worldwide, characterized by a high recurrence rate and significant socioeconomic burden. Conventional management strategies often fail to adequately account for individual metabolic, clinical, and lifestyle-related risk factors, limiting their long-term effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of personalized risk assessment and individualized treatment strategies in patients with urolithiasis. Methods: A comprehensive clinical and analytical assessment was conducted, incorporating demographic data, metabolic profiles, imaging findings, and stone composition analysis. Patients were stratified according to individual risk factors, and tailored therapeutic and preventive interventions were implemented. Clinical outcomes, recurrence rates, and treatment-related complications were systematically analyzed. Results: Personalized risk-based management demonstrated superior clinical outcomes, including a statistically significant reduction in stone recurrence and improvement in metabolic parameters, compared with conventional standardized approaches. Individualized treatment strategies were also associated with enhanced patient compliance and a lower incidence of procedure-related complications. Conclusion: Personalized risk assessment and individualized treatment strategies significantly improve clinical outcomes in urolithiasis and represent a promising direction for optimizing long-term disease management. Integration of individualized approaches into routine clinical practice may contribute to reducing recurrence rates and improving patient-centered care.
EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE COMBINED USE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND IMPLANTS IN MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY
Despite the widespread adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques, postoperative complications associated with impaired implant integration and infectious processes remain a major clinical challenge. The interaction between implanted biomaterials and surrounding tissues plays a pivotal role in regulating inflammatory responses, tissue remodeling, and long-term surgical outcomes. Objective. To experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of the combined use of composite biomaterials and synthetic implants under sterile and infected conditions. Methods. An experimental study was conducted using laboratory animal models with implantation of synthetic mesh materials either alone or in combination with a composite hemostatic biomaterial. Both sterile and infected conditions were simulated. Tissue responses were evaluated by macroscopic assessment, histological examination, and semi-quantitative morphometric analysis at multiple time points. Results. Under sterile conditions, the composite-implant combination significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, accelerated fibroblast proliferation, enhanced angiogenesis, and promoted the formation of mature connective tissue compared with implants used alone. In infected models, the combined approach markedly attenuated purulent inflammation, limited bacterial colonization, prevented excessive fibrotic encapsulation, and improved tissue integration.Conclusion. The findings demonstrate that the combined application of composite biomaterials and synthetic implants enhances biocompatibility, reduces infection-related complications, and improves regenerative processes. This strategy represents a promising approach for optimizing outcomes in minimally invasive surgery
PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE (POF): GENETIC PREDICTORS AND EARLY PREDICTION OF OVARIAN RESERVE DECLINE
Premature ovarian failure (POF), also referred to as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), is a complex reproductive disorder characterized by the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 years. The condition is associated with hypoestrogenism, elevated gonadotropin levels, infertility, and long-term metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Recent advances in reproductive medicine have highlighted the crucial role of genetic factors in the development of POF, as well as the importance of early identification of declining ovarian reserve. Modern diagnostic strategies combine genetic testing, hormonal assessment, and ultrasonographic evaluation to predict ovarian aging at an early stage. This review analyzes genetic predictors of premature ovarian failure, evaluates methods for early detection of reduced ovarian reserve, and summarizes clinical studies assessing diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of current testing approaches. Early identification of women at risk allows timely reproductive counseling and fertility preservation strategies, significantly improving clinical outcomes