Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science
Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science publishes papers devoted to quantitative social science research and methodology. The journal features articles that illustrate the use of quantitative methods to empirically test social science theory. The journal emphasizes research concerned with issues or methods that cut across traditional disciplinary lines. Special attention is given to methods that have been used by only one particular social science discipline, but that may have application to a broader range of areas with an ultimate goal of testing social science theory and historical events. ISSN (E): 2942-1926 ResearchBib IF: 10.45 SJIF 2026: 9.665
REHABILITATION METHODS FOR LIVER PAIN SYNDROME IN ATHLETES.
Liver pain syndrome in athletes is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen during or after physical activity. This syndrome is frequently associated with excessive physical нагрузка, circulatory disturbances, metabolic dysfunctions, dehydration, improper nutrition, and hepatobiliary stress. Athletes involved in endurance sports, weightlifting, and high-intensity training are particularly vulnerable. Effective rehabilitation is essential to restore hepatic function, reduce pain, improve athletic performance, and prevent long-term complications. This article analyzes contemporary rehabilitation methods for liver pain syndrome in athletes, including physical rehabilitation, physiotherapy, nutritional correction, pharmacological support, breathing exercises, and recovery monitoring
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
REHABILITATION IN VISUAL PATHOLOGIES AMONG ATHLETES
Visual function plays a critical role in athletic performance, influencing coordination, reaction time, spatial orientation, balance, and decision-making abilities. Athletes with visual pathologies often experience reduced sports performance, increased injury risk, and psychological stress. Rehabilitation in visual pathologies among athletes has become an important interdisciplinary field integrating ophthalmology, sports medicine, physiotherapy, neurology, psychology, and rehabilitation sciences. This article examines the major types of visual disorders observed in athletes, rehabilitation approaches, diagnostic procedures, and modern therapeutic interventions. The study highlights the effectiveness of visual training, neuro-ophthalmologic rehabilitation, physical therapy, technological innovations, and psychological support in restoring visual performance and improving athletic outcomes
REHABILITATION METHODS FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting children worldwide and is characterized by permanent disturbances in movement, posture, and motor function caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. Children with cerebral palsy often experience associated impairments such as speech disorders, sensory deficits, cognitive difficulties, and musculoskeletal complications, which significantly influence their quality of life and social participation. Rehabilitation plays a critical role in improving functional independence, mobility, communication skills, and psychosocial adaptation in children with CP
FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS AND REHABILITATION OF POST-TRAUMATIC ARTHROSIS IN ATHLETES
Post-traumatic arthrosis is one of the most common chronic musculoskeletal disorders among athletes and develops as a consequence of joint injuries, repetitive overload, and insufficient rehabilitation. The condition significantly affects athletic performance, quality of life, and long-term functional capacity. Early diagnosis and comprehensive rehabilitation are essential for preventing disease progression and reducing disability risks. This article analyzes the main diagnostic approaches and rehabilitation strategies for post-traumatic arthrosis in athletes. Modern imaging techniques, clinical evaluation methods, laboratory analyses, and functional assessment tools are discussed
COOPERATION RELATIONS OF THE NATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE OF UZBEKISTAN
This article discusses the importance of cooperation at both national and international levels in the development of parasports and examines the relations, memorandums, and agreements implemented to date. It also substantiates that mutually beneficial cooperation between Uzbekistan and the international community is an important process in the practical and theoretical improvement of the Paralympic movement and parasports.
PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPIRITUAL GROWTH AT A NEW STAGE OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the specific features of national development and spiritual growth. The significance of spiritual growth in the ongoing reforms aimed at developing civil society is examined, and these processes are subjected to philosophical analysis. Furthermore, the attention paid by the government to the development of spirituality and religious-moral processes is comprehensively studied.
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN KHANATES
This article analyzes the historical foundations of the legal system in the Central Asian khanates and its development process. The study scientifically examines the role of Sharia and customary law in state administration, the activities of the judicial system, and the main directions of legal reforms. In addition, the specific features of the legal administration systems in the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva Khanate, and Kokand Khanate are revealed through comparative analysis. The article also investigates the judicial system, the activities of qadis, issues of crime and punishment, and legal mechanisms aimed at regulating taxation and trade relations. The research findings show that the legal system played an important role in ensuring social stability and effective state administration in the history of Central Asian statehood
MODERN TRENDS IN CYBERFRAUD CRIMES COMMITTED THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ISSUES OF THEIR QUALIFICATION
This article analyzes the modern manifestations of cyber fraud, in particular, the social danger of financial crimes committed using the Internet and information and communication technologies, the mechanisms of their commission, and the issues of legal regulation. The study highlights the negative impact of cyber fraud on the banking system, electronic payment instruments, and information systems, and reveals the role of information systems and digital technologies of internal affairs bodies in preventing these crimes
PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MAINTAINING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
The article analyzes the historical roots of a healthy lifestyle and the evolution of perspectives on human health preservation from ancient civilizations to the present day. It examines ecological and ethical norms in Zoroastrianism, thinkers' ideas on the elixir of life, and the methodological foundations of scientific fields such as sanology and pre-nosological diagnostics that emerged in the 20th century. A healthy lifestyle is substantiated not merely as medical prevention but as a global social system ensuring the physical, mental, and moral perfection of the individual
HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN'S ECONOMIC COOPERATION WITH THE STATES OF KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN (1991 - 2000)
В статье рассматривается история внешнеэкономических связей Узбекистана со странами Центральной Азии: Казахстаном, Кыргызстаном, в рамках различных международных организаций и между собой, а также перспективы сотрудничества, на основе анализа исторических источников и литературы.
THE ACTIVITY OF COUNCILS IN THE TURKIC KHAGANATE: THEIR ROLE IN THE POLITICAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the council (kurultai) as an important institution within the political governance system of the Turkic Khaganate. The study examines the composition of the council, its functions, decision-making mechanisms, and its role in state administration based on historical sources. Additionally, the research highlights how the council facilitated the participation of tribal elites in political processes and contributed to the legitimization of the khagan’s authority. The findings indicate that the council served as a key institution in strengthening central authority and ensuring political stability in the Turkic Khaganate.
This аrticle provides а comprehensive overview of the origin of the term “legаl entity,” its historicаl stаges of formаtion, аnd its scientific аnd legаl meаning. The study аnаlyzes the mаin theories of the legаl entity — the fiction theory, the theory of reаl existence, the collective theory, аnd the functionаl аpproаch — аnd compаrаtively exаmines the views of scholаrs аnd speciаlists on these theories. In аddition, the аrticle explаins the role of the legаl entity institution in the civil legislаtion of the Republic of Uzbekistаn, including its legаl cаpаcity, cаpаcity to аct, stаte registrаtion, founding documents, аnd issues of liаbility. It аlso clаssifies commerciаl аnd non-commerciаl legаl entities аnd describes their orgаnizаtionаl аnd legаl forms in detаil. Furthermore, the study considers the issue of legаl personаlity in internаtionаl lаw, аs well аs the importаnce of this institution in the аctivities of internаtionаl orgаnizаtions аnd in cross-border commerciаl relаtions. In conclusion, the аrticle presents scientific findings on the plаce аnd functionаl significаnce of the legаl entity in the modern legаl system
THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN POLITICAL PROCESSES
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the role and importance of civil society institutions in political processes. It also reveals the essence of the concept of civil society, its main institutions, and their functions. The author examines the participation of non-governmental non-profit organizations, mass media, political parties, and public associations in political processes. The article highlights the role of civil society institutions in public administration, the implementation of public control, and their importance in increasing the political activity of the population. Furthermore, the reforms aimed at developing civil society institutions in Uzbekistan and their outcomes are analyzed. In conclusion, existing problems are identified, and proposals and recommendations for their solution are developed.
non-governmental non-profit organizations
THE IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY OF TRANSITION TO SPECIALISTS IN ORDER TO FURTHER IMPROVE THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
In the article, the author considered the importance of preparing and presenting financial reporting information, which is considered an important factor in conducting business and further expanding cooperation with foreign countries and investors. The work carried out in the field of accounting and auditing in our republic has been highlighted recently, including the importance, necessity and procedure of transition of economic entities to financial reporting standards.
ARABIST TRANSLATORS IN ITALY FROMTHE SECOND HALF OF THE 11TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY: COMPOSITION, FIELDS OF ACTIVITY, AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
this article examines the role of Italian translation centres in the transmission of Eastern scientific knowledge to Latin Europe from the second half of the eleventh century to the thirteenth century. Based on a comparative analysis of narrative sources, biobibliographical materials, and translation manuscripts, the study reconstructs the activities of translators who worked in Salerno, Sicily, and Naples and clarifies a number of historiographical confusions concerning their identities and contributions. The research establishes that the translators active in these centres were not limited to a single ethnic or confessional background; rather, they represented a multilingual and multicultural milieu that included Arab, Berber, Italian, Greek, and Jewish scholars. Particular attention is devoted to Constantine the African, Henry Aristippus, Eugenius of Palermo, Faraj ibn Salim, and Jacob Anatoli, whose activities illustrate different models of translation, mediation, and intellectual transfer. The study demonstrates that these translators not only rendered Arabic and Greek works into Latin, but also facilitated the circulation of manuscripts, interpreted technical terminology, adapted texts to new scholarly settings, and, in some cases, produced original works of their own. It concludes that the Italian translation centres constituted one of the principal channels through which medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy entered the intellectual world of Latin Europe and acquired a durable place within its scholarly tradition
ARABIST TRANSLATORS IN SOUTHERN FRANCE THE SECOND HALF OF THE 11TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY: COMPOSITION, FIELDS OF ACTIVITY, AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
this article offers a source-based reconstruction of the translators active in southern France from the second half of the eleventh century to the end of the thirteenth century. Drawing on narrative sources and manuscript evidence, it identifies eight translators and classifies them according to origin, geography of activity, and modes of participation in translation. The study demonstrates that southern France, especially Marseille and Montpellier, functioned as an important zone of intellectual mediation in the transmission of Arabic scientific learning to Latin Europe. Particular attention is given to the Ibn Tibbon family, Arnoldo de Villanova, and Armengaud Blaise, whose activities show that translation in this milieu involved not only the rendering of texts into new languages, but also commentary, adaptation, and pedagogical reformulation. The article argues that the southern French translation movement emerged within a multilingual and multicultural scholarly environment and made a substantial contribution to the dissemination of medicine, astronomy, and philosophy in medieval Europe. By clarifying the identities and roles of the translators active in this region, the study also corrects a number of historiographical confusions that have persisted in earlier scholarship.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS OF A DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH TO SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of a differentiated approach to small business development. It substantiates the need to develop regional strategies that take into account the level of economic development, resource potential, and demographic factors of the regions. The study proposes a small business development model based on this differentiated approach
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN'S CONCEPT OF THE FORM OF LIFE
This article examines the concept of “forms of life” in the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, focusing on its theoretical significance within his later works, particularly Philosophical Investigations. The study analyzes the role of forms of life as the foundational background that makes language, meaning, and understanding possible. It argues that Wittgenstein’s notion of forms of life reflects a shift from abstract and formal accounts of meaning toward a socially embedded and practice-oriented perspective. The research explores how forms of life function as a framework for language-games, shaping the rules, norms, and contexts in which linguistic expressions acquire meaning. Special attention is given to the interdependence between language and human activities, demonstrating that meaning is inseparable from the shared practices and cultural patterns of a community. The article also highlights the anti-essentialist and anti-metaphysical character of this concept, emphasizing its role in overcoming traditional dualisms such as subject–object and individual–society
SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ECOLOGICAL RATIONALITY IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE AND SOCIAL POLICY OF UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the formation and development of the concept of ecological rationality in the system of state and social policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan from a socio-philosophical perspective. Ecological rationality is interpreted as an important component of the sustainable development paradigm, and its role in the system of state governance, economic policy, civil society institutions and social consciousness is revealed. The results of the study substantiate the need to integrate ecological responsibility and rational decision-making mechanisms
NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUES IN THE MODERN INFORMATION SPACE: ANALYSIS AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
This article analyzes the significance of national and religious values in the modern information environment, their preservation and development among youth. The study examines information acquisition practices through social networks, the promotion of national and religious values in the virtual environment, as well as the impact of uncontrolled information flow on moral stability. Additionally, the article provides scientific and practical recommendations for forming national consciousness and maintaining spiritual immunity in the modern information space
“THE CONCEPT OF MITRA IN INDO-IRANIAN TRADITION: FROM CONTRACT TO SOCIAL AND COSMIC ALLIANCE”
This study examines the semantic range and conceptual development of the Indo-Iranian term mitra as reflected in Avestan and Vedic sources. It focuses on the dual nature of the term, which encompasses both the narrow juridical meaning of “contract” or “promise” and the broader sense of “alliance” as a binding social and moral relationship. Through textual analysis of Avestan passages, particularly those presenting hierarchical and functional classifications of miθra, the research highlights the term’s role in structuring interpersonal, familial, and political relations. The study further explores the linguistic expressions associated with the establishment and violation of miθra, demonstrating its significance as a formalized and enforceable bond. Comparative evidence from Vedic traditions supports the interpretation of mitra as a concept grounded in reciprocity and obligation. The evolution of the term in later linguistic stages, where it acquires meanings such as “friend” and “love,” is also considered in light of its original semantic core. The analysis situates mitra within the broader Indo-Iranian worldview, emphasizing its function as a foundational principle of social cohesion and moral order
REPRESENTATIONS OF POWER AND LEADERSHIP IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S “LORD OF THE FLIES”
This article examines how power and leadership are represented in William Golding’s “Lord of the Flies”. Special attention is given to Ralph’s elected leadership, Jack’s rise to command, the role of the conch, the use of speech, and the effect of fear on the group. The article analyzes selected scenes from the novel and reads those scenes together with existing criticism on authority, law, group dynamics, and political control. Close reading, textual analysis, and comparative use of scholarly sources are applied in order to reach clear results. The analysis shows that leadership in the novel is not presented as a natural gift only. Leadership is shown as something built through rules, consent, symbols, public speech, reward, and punishment. The study also shows that democratic authority becomes weak when shared belief in rules is lost, while violent leadership becomes stronger when fear and spectacle replace reason. Such results help explain why the island society moves from assembly to tribe, from discussion to command, and from moral order to chaos
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SCHOLARS OF MAWARANNAHR TO WORLD CIVILIZATION: KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION, AND INTELLECTUAL LEGACY
This article examines the contribution of the scholars of Mawarannahr to world civilization through the interconnected processes of knowledge production, intellectual systematization, and transregional transmission. Historically known as Transoxiana, Mawarannahr emerged as one of the major centers of Muslim civilization in the medieval period and became closely associated with such cities as Bukhara and Samarkand. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the scholars of this region influenced world civilization through original scholarship, the organization of inherited knowledge into durable systems, and the circulation of their works across cultural and linguistic boundaries. The study applies historicalcomparative, textual-analytical, and intellectual-historical methods. The results show that the scholars of Mawarannahr made a multidimensional contribution to world civilization. First, they generated original scientific and theological knowledge. Second, they transformed diverse bodies of knowledge into systematic and teachable intellectual frameworks. Third, their works entered wider Islamic and, in some cases, European traditions through translation, commentary, institutional teaching, and long-term scholarly reception. The cases of al-Farghani, Ibn Sina, al-Bukhari, al-Maturidi, and Ulugh Beg confirm that Mawarannahr should be regarded not as a peripheral region, but as a major intellectual center of the premodern world. The article also emphasizes that the region’s importance lay not only in individual genius, but in the scholarly environment that enabled knowledge to be produced, preserved, and transmitted across civilizations.
PSYCHOLOGY OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN ADVOCACY
This article examines the psychological foundations of effective communication in legal practice and its role in ensuring professional success. In modern legal systems, the activity of a lawyer requires not only knowledge of legal norms but also advanced communicative competence and psychological culture. The study explores theoretical approaches to communication, including the cultural-historical theory of Lev Vygotsky, the activity theory of Alexey Leontiev, and the humanistic psychology of Carl Rogers. Special attention is given to verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal communication, as well as emotional intelligence, empathy, and active listening as key factors of effective interaction. The article argues that the integration of psychological competence into legal practice enhances the quality of legal services, strengthens trust between lawyers and clients, and contributes to the administration of justice.
INTEGRATION TRADFI AND DEFI: A NEW FINANCIAL MODEL FOR UZBEKISTAN
This article explores the prospects of integrating centralized banking systems (TradFi) with decentralized finance (DeFi) in the context of Uzbekistan’s evolving financial ecosystem. It highlights the advantages of traditional finance, such as stability and regulation, alongside the technological benefits of DeFi, including automation and transparency. The study identifies key risks and legal gaps in the current regulatory framework and analyzes international approaches. Based on this, a controlled, permissioned integration model is proposed, combining open banking, tokenization, and gradual CBDC adoption. The article concludes that a balanced approach can support financial innovation while ensuring system stability. Special attention is given to the legal and regulatory environment of Uzbekistan, where existing legislation creates structural gaps in integrating crypto-assets into the national financial system. The article proposes a hybrid financial model based on open banking, tokenization of assets, permissioned DeFi platforms, and gradual integration with central bank digital currency infrastructure.
THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF EARLY MEDIEVAL CENTRAL ASIA IN ENGLISHLANGUAGE RESEARCH
This article analyzes studies on the history of the early medieval period in Uzbekistan as reflected in English-language academic research. In particular, it examines scholarly perspectives on the political, socio-economic, and cultural processes of the region as presented in English-language literature. The article also explores interpretations of political events, interstate relations, trade routes, ethnic processes, and religious-political movements that took place in Central Asia during the early medieval period, based on English-language studies. Furthermore, the scientific and methodological approaches employed in English-language historiography are analyzed, and their scholarly significance is evaluated from a historiographical perspective.
HISTORICAL GENESIS AND MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF RADICALISM AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON
This article examines the historical genesis and modern classification of radicalism as a social phenomenon. Radicalism is analyzed as a complex socio-political process that has evolved throughout different historical stages of human development. The study explores the early manifestations of radicalism in ancient social protest movements, its development during the Middle Ages in the form of religious movements, and its transformation during the political and industrial changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Special attention is given to the emergence of radical ideologies in the twentieth century and the appearance of new forms of radicalism in the context of globalization and technological development. The article also discusses various modern classifications of radicalism, including political, religious, ethnic, and social radicalism, as well as ideological and practical forms. Furthermore, the process of radicalization and its influence on contemporary society, particularly among youth, is analyzed. The study concludes that understanding the historical development and typology of radicalism is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent radicalization and ensure social stability and security
ENSURING THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
The article shows that when designing earthquake-resistant buildings today, it is necessary to strive to achieve a symmetrical plan view and a uniform distribution of masses and volumes. It is necessary to arrange walls and frames symmetrically relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the building. In this way, torsional vibrations can be prevented or their development can be limited. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of construction is to increase its readiness as much as possible based on the compaction of structural drawings and typification of constructions, and the second is the need to ensure that these buildings are earthquake-resistant, high-quality, comfortable and functionally convenient
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BARREL OF AVIATION ARTILLERY WEAPONS AND VERIFICATION OF ITS RELIABILITY
This article considers the issue of mathematical modeling of thermophysical loading of an aircraft cannon barrel. The adequacy of the model is checked based on the Bartlett, Student and Fisher criteria, computational resources and time efficiency are evaluated. Also, the safety of the system is analyzed using probabilistic models and the permissible firing modes are based on
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATE GOVERNANCE MODELS: EVIDENCE FROM THE UNITED STATES
This study examines the structure and functioning of state governance models through a comparative lens, with particular emphasis on the United States as a representative case of a presidential system. The article explores the institutional foundations of presidential governance, focusing on the separation of powers, the dual role of the president as both head of state and head of government, and the constitutional mechanisms that regulate executive authority. Special attention is given to the system of checks and balances, which ensures a dynamic equilibrium between the executive and legislative branches, thereby preventing the concentration of political power.