Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science
Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science publishes papers devoted to quantitative social science research and methodology. The journal features articles that illustrate the use of quantitative methods to empirically test social science theory. The journal emphasizes research concerned with issues or methods that cut across traditional disciplinary lines. Special attention is given to methods that have been used by only one particular social science discipline, but that may have application to a broader range of areas with an ultimate goal of testing social science theory and historical events. ISSN (E): 2942-1926 ResearchBib IF: 10.45 SJIF 2026: 9.665
LINGUOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TONGUE TWISTERS FORMED ON THE BASIS OF THE LEXEME THUNDER
This article examines the linguocultural characteristics of tongue twisters formed on the basis of the lexeme thunder. As a natural acoustic phenomenon, thunder is widely represented in folklore and oral traditions due to its strong auditory impact and cultural symbolism. Thunder-based tongue twisters reflect not only phonetic complexity and articulatory challenges but also cultural perceptions, symbolic meanings, and cognitive associations related to power, sound, and natural forces. The study analyzes the phonetic, semantic, cognitive, and cultural dimensions of thunder-based tongue twisters and highlights their role in developing linguistic competence and preserving cultural worldview
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
RESTORATION AND STUDY OF THE TIMURID HERITAGE DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
This article examines the architectural heritage of the Amir Temur and Timurid period and analyzes the historiography, sources, and scientific studies dedicated to these monuments. Particular attention is given to the significance of archival documents, museum collections, archaeological research, and written sources in the study of Timurid architecture. The paper highlights major architectural masterpieces, including the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Oqsaroy Palace, Saroymulkxonim Madrasah, the Registan ensemble, and the Ulugh Beg Observatory, emphasizing their historical, cultural, and artistic value. The research also discusses restoration efforts carried out during the twentieth century and evaluates the contributions of Uzbek and foreign scholars to the investigation and preservation of Timurid architectural monuments. Furthermore, the study explores the influence of Persian, Central Asian, and Turkic architectural traditions on the development of Timurid architecture and assesses its place within the broader context of Islamic art and urban planning. The findings demonstrate the enduring importance of Timurid architectural heritage as a significant component of world cultural history and a valuable source for understanding the political, cultural, and scientific achievements of the Timurid era
THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND INTEGRATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN THE FERGANA VALLEY DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
This study explores the socio-historical and infrastructural evolution of telecommunications and digital communication systems in the Fergana Valley following the independence of Uzbekistan (1991–early XXI century). Drawing on localized statistics, ministerial decrees, and infrastructural records, the paper traces the shift from a fragmented, analog post-Soviet technical framework to an integrated, fiber-optic digital ecosystem. The research examines how geographic hurdles and regional demands shaped the rollout of mobile networks, internet access points, and digital data systems, providing a thorough historicalempirical view of the valley's integration into global information networks.
This study explores the socio-historical and infrastructural evolution of telecommunications and digital communication systems in the Fergana Valley following the independence of Uzbekistan (1991–early XXI century). Drawing on localized statistics, ministerial decrees, and infrastructural records, the paper traces the shift from a fragmented, analog post-Soviet technical framework to an integrated, fiber-optic digital ecosystem. The research examines how geographic hurdles and regional demands shaped the rollout of mobile networks, internet access points, and digital data systems, providing a thorough historicalempirical view of the valley's integration into global information networks
COOPERATION OF UZBEKISTAN WITH CIS COUNTRIES IN DEVELOPING TRADE RELATIONS AND ITS OUTCOMES
This article analyzes Uzbekistan’s trade and economic relations with CIS countries, their development stages, and current trends. It examines major partner states, trade volumes, and growth dynamics
ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF GEOLOGY IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
This article is devoted to the analysis of the main directions and practical results of scientific research conducted in the natural sciences, particularly in geology, hydrogeology, the fuel and energy sector, and the mining industry, on the territory of Uzbekistan during the Second World War. The paper also provides information indicating that, under conditions where the wartime situation confronted the country with the critical tasks of eliminating shortages of raw materials and energy, as well as strengthening its defense potential, primary attention was focused on geological exploration and the development of local raw material resources. Specifically, it is substantiated that the discovery of deposits of tungsten, iron, tin, and other valuable metals, made possible through the theoretical and applied geological research of scientists in this field, contributed to the expansion of the republic's heavy industry and fuel base.
This article analyzes the historical geography, socio-political life, administrative structure and economic situation of the Hissar province (bekdom), one of the important components of the Bukhara Emirate, in the 17th–19th centuries. It also covers the relations of the province (bekdom) with neighboring regions, in particular, the principalities of the Surkhan oasis, its struggles against the central government, and the changes during the occupation by the Russian Empire
CURRENT ISSUES OF MEDICAL STAFFING IN SURKHANDARYA REGION (1991–2000)
This article analyzes the problems of providing the medical system with personnel in Surkhandarya region in the first decades of independence. The article shows the difficulties that arose in the process of providing medical institutions with qualified specialists, such as the geographical location of the region, the location of some regions in remote and remote areas, and the insufficient development of social infrastructure.
FROM OUR ANCIENT SOURCES: THE ISSUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE "AVESTA"
On the territory of Uzbekistan, our ancestors left a rich heritage in the field of nature protection, preservation, respect for natural resources, maintaining a clean and pure environment, preventing climate change, and ecological culture; in the context of today's globalization, the problem of deeply studying the heritage left by our ancestors in the field of ancient and rich ecological culture, preserving the motherland, water, air, and nature, passing them on to future generations in a pure form, and forming an ecological culture among the youth is becoming increasingly relevant. This article discusses the current significance of the heritage left by our ancestors in the field of ecological culture in our ancient and rich historical heritage "Avesta."
PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF STUDENTS' INDIVIDUAL INDEPENDENT TASKS
The article analyzes pedagogical strategies for improving the effectiveness of students’ individual independent tasks in higher education. It examines issues related to the individualization of independent learning, the organization of the educational process within the credit-modular system, and the formation of individual learning trajectories. Special attention is given to the development of a functional model and the methodology for designing individual learning paths. The results of experimental work confirm the effectiveness of the proposed pedagogical strategies. The findings have practical significance for improving the quality of education in higher education institutions.
HISTORICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FAMILY TREES AND GENEALOGICAL TRADITIONS OF MACHAY VILLAGE
Based on historical-ethnographic sources and primary ethnographic materials, the author analyzes the genealogical traditions, customs, rituals, and issues of ethnic and regional identity of the population of Machay village, located in the Hissar mountain ranges. The study is conducted using existing scholarly literature, research findings, and the author's extensive field data
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN VALUES: A CYBEPHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
The rapid development of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and technoscience has significantly transformed contemporary social life, creating new opportunities as well as ethical and spiritual challenges. These developments require a deeper philosophical understanding of the moral boundaries that should guide technological progress. This article aims to examine the spiritual and ethical limits of technoscientific development from a cyberphilosophical perspective, with particular attention to the experience of Uzbekistan and the relevance of international ethical standards. The study employs philosophical analysis, comparative methodology, and interdisciplinary approaches. International frameworks on AI ethics, digital governance, and technological responsibility are analyzed alongside Uzbekistan’s policies and initiatives in digital transformation.
COOPERATION IN THE SPIRITUAL SPHERE OF THE KASHKADARYA REGION (DURING INDEPENDENCE)
This article discusses the large-scale reforms being implemented in the spiritual and educational sphere in our country, particularly in the Kashkadarya region, as well as the measures that need to be implemented. Furthermore, it was noted that the development of the spiritual and educational sphere and international cooperation are also important for us in building New Uzbekistan through new reforms
DEVELOPING STUDENTS' INDEPENDENT RESEARCH SKILLS THROUGH PROBLEMBASED LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES IN HISTORY LESSONS
This scientific article analyzes the development of students' independent research skills in history lessons using problem-based learning technologies. Based on the theoretical foundations of problem-based learning (M.I. Makhmutov, I.Ya.Lerner), modern approaches of Uzbek scientists (R.Ishmuhamedov, U. K. Tolipov) and methodological sources on teaching history (Ya. Kh. Gaffarov, A. J. Jurayev), the influence of problem-based learning technologies on students' independent research activities is highlighted. The stages of creating problem situations, posing and solving educational problems, as well as types of problem tasks used in history lessons are described. Problem-based learning technologies are an effective means of developing students' independent research skills.
THE CONNECTION OF A STRONG CIVIL SOCIETY WITH FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY
This article examines the relationship between democracy and the concepts of freedom and responsibility in a strong civil society, as well as the increase in freedom and responsibility
REHABILITATION METHODS FOR LIVER PAIN SYNDROME IN ATHLETES.
Liver pain syndrome in athletes is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen during or after physical activity. This syndrome is frequently associated with excessive physical нагрузка, circulatory disturbances, metabolic dysfunctions, dehydration, improper nutrition, and hepatobiliary stress. Athletes involved in endurance sports, weightlifting, and high-intensity training are particularly vulnerable. Effective rehabilitation is essential to restore hepatic function, reduce pain, improve athletic performance, and prevent long-term complications. This article analyzes contemporary rehabilitation methods for liver pain syndrome in athletes, including physical rehabilitation, physiotherapy, nutritional correction, pharmacological support, breathing exercises, and recovery monitoring
REHABILITATION IN VISUAL PATHOLOGIES AMONG ATHLETES
Visual function plays a critical role in athletic performance, influencing coordination, reaction time, spatial orientation, balance, and decision-making abilities. Athletes with visual pathologies often experience reduced sports performance, increased injury risk, and psychological stress. Rehabilitation in visual pathologies among athletes has become an important interdisciplinary field integrating ophthalmology, sports medicine, physiotherapy, neurology, psychology, and rehabilitation sciences. This article examines the major types of visual disorders observed in athletes, rehabilitation approaches, diagnostic procedures, and modern therapeutic interventions. The study highlights the effectiveness of visual training, neuro-ophthalmologic rehabilitation, physical therapy, technological innovations, and psychological support in restoring visual performance and improving athletic outcomes
REHABILITATION METHODS FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting children worldwide and is characterized by permanent disturbances in movement, posture, and motor function caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. Children with cerebral palsy often experience associated impairments such as speech disorders, sensory deficits, cognitive difficulties, and musculoskeletal complications, which significantly influence their quality of life and social participation. Rehabilitation plays a critical role in improving functional independence, mobility, communication skills, and psychosocial adaptation in children with CP
FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS AND REHABILITATION OF POST-TRAUMATIC ARTHROSIS IN ATHLETES
Post-traumatic arthrosis is one of the most common chronic musculoskeletal disorders among athletes and develops as a consequence of joint injuries, repetitive overload, and insufficient rehabilitation. The condition significantly affects athletic performance, quality of life, and long-term functional capacity. Early diagnosis and comprehensive rehabilitation are essential for preventing disease progression and reducing disability risks. This article analyzes the main diagnostic approaches and rehabilitation strategies for post-traumatic arthrosis in athletes. Modern imaging techniques, clinical evaluation methods, laboratory analyses, and functional assessment tools are discussed
COOPERATION RELATIONS OF THE NATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE OF UZBEKISTAN
This article discusses the importance of cooperation at both national and international levels in the development of parasports and examines the relations, memorandums, and agreements implemented to date. It also substantiates that mutually beneficial cooperation between Uzbekistan and the international community is an important process in the practical and theoretical improvement of the Paralympic movement and parasports.
PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPIRITUAL GROWTH AT A NEW STAGE OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the specific features of national development and spiritual growth. The significance of spiritual growth in the ongoing reforms aimed at developing civil society is examined, and these processes are subjected to philosophical analysis. Furthermore, the attention paid by the government to the development of spirituality and religious-moral processes is comprehensively studied.
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN KHANATES
This article analyzes the historical foundations of the legal system in the Central Asian khanates and its development process. The study scientifically examines the role of Sharia and customary law in state administration, the activities of the judicial system, and the main directions of legal reforms. In addition, the specific features of the legal administration systems in the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva Khanate, and Kokand Khanate are revealed through comparative analysis. The article also investigates the judicial system, the activities of qadis, issues of crime and punishment, and legal mechanisms aimed at regulating taxation and trade relations. The research findings show that the legal system played an important role in ensuring social stability and effective state administration in the history of Central Asian statehood
MODERN TRENDS IN CYBERFRAUD CRIMES COMMITTED THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ISSUES OF THEIR QUALIFICATION
This article analyzes the modern manifestations of cyber fraud, in particular, the social danger of financial crimes committed using the Internet and information and communication technologies, the mechanisms of their commission, and the issues of legal regulation. The study highlights the negative impact of cyber fraud on the banking system, electronic payment instruments, and information systems, and reveals the role of information systems and digital technologies of internal affairs bodies in preventing these crimes
PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MAINTAINING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
The article analyzes the historical roots of a healthy lifestyle and the evolution of perspectives on human health preservation from ancient civilizations to the present day. It examines ecological and ethical norms in Zoroastrianism, thinkers' ideas on the elixir of life, and the methodological foundations of scientific fields such as sanology and pre-nosological diagnostics that emerged in the 20th century. A healthy lifestyle is substantiated not merely as medical prevention but as a global social system ensuring the physical, mental, and moral perfection of the individual
HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN'S ECONOMIC COOPERATION WITH THE STATES OF KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN (1991 - 2000)
В статье рассматривается история внешнеэкономических связей Узбекистана со странами Центральной Азии: Казахстаном, Кыргызстаном, в рамках различных международных организаций и между собой, а также перспективы сотрудничества, на основе анализа исторических источников и литературы.
THE ACTIVITY OF COUNCILS IN THE TURKIC KHAGANATE: THEIR ROLE IN THE POLITICAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the council (kurultai) as an important institution within the political governance system of the Turkic Khaganate. The study examines the composition of the council, its functions, decision-making mechanisms, and its role in state administration based on historical sources. Additionally, the research highlights how the council facilitated the participation of tribal elites in political processes and contributed to the legitimization of the khagan’s authority. The findings indicate that the council served as a key institution in strengthening central authority and ensuring political stability in the Turkic Khaganate.
This аrticle provides а comprehensive overview of the origin of the term “legаl entity,” its historicаl stаges of formаtion, аnd its scientific аnd legаl meаning. The study аnаlyzes the mаin theories of the legаl entity — the fiction theory, the theory of reаl existence, the collective theory, аnd the functionаl аpproаch — аnd compаrаtively exаmines the views of scholаrs аnd speciаlists on these theories. In аddition, the аrticle explаins the role of the legаl entity institution in the civil legislаtion of the Republic of Uzbekistаn, including its legаl cаpаcity, cаpаcity to аct, stаte registrаtion, founding documents, аnd issues of liаbility. It аlso clаssifies commerciаl аnd non-commerciаl legаl entities аnd describes their orgаnizаtionаl аnd legаl forms in detаil. Furthermore, the study considers the issue of legаl personаlity in internаtionаl lаw, аs well аs the importаnce of this institution in the аctivities of internаtionаl orgаnizаtions аnd in cross-border commerciаl relаtions. In conclusion, the аrticle presents scientific findings on the plаce аnd functionаl significаnce of the legаl entity in the modern legаl system
THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN POLITICAL PROCESSES
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the role and importance of civil society institutions in political processes. It also reveals the essence of the concept of civil society, its main institutions, and their functions. The author examines the participation of non-governmental non-profit organizations, mass media, political parties, and public associations in political processes. The article highlights the role of civil society institutions in public administration, the implementation of public control, and their importance in increasing the political activity of the population. Furthermore, the reforms aimed at developing civil society institutions in Uzbekistan and their outcomes are analyzed. In conclusion, existing problems are identified, and proposals and recommendations for their solution are developed.
non-governmental non-profit organizations
THE IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY OF TRANSITION TO SPECIALISTS IN ORDER TO FURTHER IMPROVE THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
In the article, the author considered the importance of preparing and presenting financial reporting information, which is considered an important factor in conducting business and further expanding cooperation with foreign countries and investors. The work carried out in the field of accounting and auditing in our republic has been highlighted recently, including the importance, necessity and procedure of transition of economic entities to financial reporting standards.
ARABIST TRANSLATORS IN ITALY FROMTHE SECOND HALF OF THE 11TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY: COMPOSITION, FIELDS OF ACTIVITY, AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
this article examines the role of Italian translation centres in the transmission of Eastern scientific knowledge to Latin Europe from the second half of the eleventh century to the thirteenth century. Based on a comparative analysis of narrative sources, biobibliographical materials, and translation manuscripts, the study reconstructs the activities of translators who worked in Salerno, Sicily, and Naples and clarifies a number of historiographical confusions concerning their identities and contributions. The research establishes that the translators active in these centres were not limited to a single ethnic or confessional background; rather, they represented a multilingual and multicultural milieu that included Arab, Berber, Italian, Greek, and Jewish scholars. Particular attention is devoted to Constantine the African, Henry Aristippus, Eugenius of Palermo, Faraj ibn Salim, and Jacob Anatoli, whose activities illustrate different models of translation, mediation, and intellectual transfer. The study demonstrates that these translators not only rendered Arabic and Greek works into Latin, but also facilitated the circulation of manuscripts, interpreted technical terminology, adapted texts to new scholarly settings, and, in some cases, produced original works of their own. It concludes that the Italian translation centres constituted one of the principal channels through which medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy entered the intellectual world of Latin Europe and acquired a durable place within its scholarly tradition