Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science
Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science publishes papers devoted to quantitative social science research and methodology. The journal features articles that illustrate the use of quantitative methods to empirically test social science theory. The journal emphasizes research concerned with issues or methods that cut across traditional disciplinary lines. Special attention is given to methods that have been used by only one particular social science discipline, but that may have application to a broader range of areas with an ultimate goal of testing social science theory and historical events. ISSN (E): 2942-1926 ResearchBib IF: 9.880 SJIF 2024: 5.368
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN'S CONCEPT OF THE FORM OF LIFE
This article examines the concept of “forms of life” in the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, focusing on its theoretical significance within his later works, particularly Philosophical Investigations. The study analyzes the role of forms of life as the foundational background that makes language, meaning, and understanding possible. It argues that Wittgenstein’s notion of forms of life reflects a shift from abstract and formal accounts of meaning toward a socially embedded and practice-oriented perspective. The research explores how forms of life function as a framework for language-games, shaping the rules, norms, and contexts in which linguistic expressions acquire meaning. Special attention is given to the interdependence between language and human activities, demonstrating that meaning is inseparable from the shared practices and cultural patterns of a community. The article also highlights the anti-essentialist and anti-metaphysical character of this concept, emphasizing its role in overcoming traditional dualisms such as subject–object and individual–society
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SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ECOLOGICAL RATIONALITY IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE AND SOCIAL POLICY OF UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the formation and development of the concept of ecological rationality in the system of state and social policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan from a socio-philosophical perspective. Ecological rationality is interpreted as an important component of the sustainable development paradigm, and its role in the system of state governance, economic policy, civil society institutions and social consciousness is revealed. The results of the study substantiate the need to integrate ecological responsibility and rational decision-making mechanisms
NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS VALUES IN THE MODERN INFORMATION SPACE: ANALYSIS AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
This article analyzes the significance of national and religious values in the modern information environment, their preservation and development among youth. The study examines information acquisition practices through social networks, the promotion of national and religious values in the virtual environment, as well as the impact of uncontrolled information flow on moral stability. Additionally, the article provides scientific and practical recommendations for forming national consciousness and maintaining spiritual immunity in the modern information space
“THE CONCEPT OF MITRA IN INDO-IRANIAN TRADITION: FROM CONTRACT TO SOCIAL AND COSMIC ALLIANCE”
This study examines the semantic range and conceptual development of the Indo-Iranian term mitra as reflected in Avestan and Vedic sources. It focuses on the dual nature of the term, which encompasses both the narrow juridical meaning of “contract” or “promise” and the broader sense of “alliance” as a binding social and moral relationship. Through textual analysis of Avestan passages, particularly those presenting hierarchical and functional classifications of miθra, the research highlights the term’s role in structuring interpersonal, familial, and political relations. The study further explores the linguistic expressions associated with the establishment and violation of miθra, demonstrating its significance as a formalized and enforceable bond. Comparative evidence from Vedic traditions supports the interpretation of mitra as a concept grounded in reciprocity and obligation. The evolution of the term in later linguistic stages, where it acquires meanings such as “friend” and “love,” is also considered in light of its original semantic core. The analysis situates mitra within the broader Indo-Iranian worldview, emphasizing its function as a foundational principle of social cohesion and moral order
REPRESENTATIONS OF POWER AND LEADERSHIP IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S “LORD OF THE FLIES”
This article examines how power and leadership are represented in William Golding’s “Lord of the Flies”. Special attention is given to Ralph’s elected leadership, Jack’s rise to command, the role of the conch, the use of speech, and the effect of fear on the group. The article analyzes selected scenes from the novel and reads those scenes together with existing criticism on authority, law, group dynamics, and political control. Close reading, textual analysis, and comparative use of scholarly sources are applied in order to reach clear results. The analysis shows that leadership in the novel is not presented as a natural gift only. Leadership is shown as something built through rules, consent, symbols, public speech, reward, and punishment. The study also shows that democratic authority becomes weak when shared belief in rules is lost, while violent leadership becomes stronger when fear and spectacle replace reason. Such results help explain why the island society moves from assembly to tribe, from discussion to command, and from moral order to chaos
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SCHOLARS OF MAWARANNAHR TO WORLD CIVILIZATION: KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION, AND INTELLECTUAL LEGACY
This article examines the contribution of the scholars of Mawarannahr to world civilization through the interconnected processes of knowledge production, intellectual systematization, and transregional transmission. Historically known as Transoxiana, Mawarannahr emerged as one of the major centers of Muslim civilization in the medieval period and became closely associated with such cities as Bukhara and Samarkand. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the scholars of this region influenced world civilization through original scholarship, the organization of inherited knowledge into durable systems, and the circulation of their works across cultural and linguistic boundaries. The study applies historicalcomparative, textual-analytical, and intellectual-historical methods. The results show that the scholars of Mawarannahr made a multidimensional contribution to world civilization. First, they generated original scientific and theological knowledge. Second, they transformed diverse bodies of knowledge into systematic and teachable intellectual frameworks. Third, their works entered wider Islamic and, in some cases, European traditions through translation, commentary, institutional teaching, and long-term scholarly reception. The cases of al-Farghani, Ibn Sina, al-Bukhari, al-Maturidi, and Ulugh Beg confirm that Mawarannahr should be regarded not as a peripheral region, but as a major intellectual center of the premodern world. The article also emphasizes that the region’s importance lay not only in individual genius, but in the scholarly environment that enabled knowledge to be produced, preserved, and transmitted across civilizations.
PSYCHOLOGY OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN ADVOCACY
This article examines the psychological foundations of effective communication in legal practice and its role in ensuring professional success. In modern legal systems, the activity of a lawyer requires not only knowledge of legal norms but also advanced communicative competence and psychological culture. The study explores theoretical approaches to communication, including the cultural-historical theory of Lev Vygotsky, the activity theory of Alexey Leontiev, and the humanistic psychology of Carl Rogers. Special attention is given to verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal communication, as well as emotional intelligence, empathy, and active listening as key factors of effective interaction. The article argues that the integration of psychological competence into legal practice enhances the quality of legal services, strengthens trust between lawyers and clients, and contributes to the administration of justice.
INTEGRATION TRADFI AND DEFI: A NEW FINANCIAL MODEL FOR UZBEKISTAN
This article explores the prospects of integrating centralized banking systems (TradFi) with decentralized finance (DeFi) in the context of Uzbekistan’s evolving financial ecosystem. It highlights the advantages of traditional finance, such as stability and regulation, alongside the technological benefits of DeFi, including automation and transparency. The study identifies key risks and legal gaps in the current regulatory framework and analyzes international approaches. Based on this, a controlled, permissioned integration model is proposed, combining open banking, tokenization, and gradual CBDC adoption. The article concludes that a balanced approach can support financial innovation while ensuring system stability. Special attention is given to the legal and regulatory environment of Uzbekistan, where existing legislation creates structural gaps in integrating crypto-assets into the national financial system. The article proposes a hybrid financial model based on open banking, tokenization of assets, permissioned DeFi platforms, and gradual integration with central bank digital currency infrastructure.
THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF EARLY MEDIEVAL CENTRAL ASIA IN ENGLISHLANGUAGE RESEARCH
This article analyzes studies on the history of the early medieval period in Uzbekistan as reflected in English-language academic research. In particular, it examines scholarly perspectives on the political, socio-economic, and cultural processes of the region as presented in English-language literature. The article also explores interpretations of political events, interstate relations, trade routes, ethnic processes, and religious-political movements that took place in Central Asia during the early medieval period, based on English-language studies. Furthermore, the scientific and methodological approaches employed in English-language historiography are analyzed, and their scholarly significance is evaluated from a historiographical perspective.
HISTORICAL GENESIS AND MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF RADICALISM AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON
This article examines the historical genesis and modern classification of radicalism as a social phenomenon. Radicalism is analyzed as a complex socio-political process that has evolved throughout different historical stages of human development. The study explores the early manifestations of radicalism in ancient social protest movements, its development during the Middle Ages in the form of religious movements, and its transformation during the political and industrial changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Special attention is given to the emergence of radical ideologies in the twentieth century and the appearance of new forms of radicalism in the context of globalization and technological development. The article also discusses various modern classifications of radicalism, including political, religious, ethnic, and social radicalism, as well as ideological and practical forms. Furthermore, the process of radicalization and its influence on contemporary society, particularly among youth, is analyzed. The study concludes that understanding the historical development and typology of radicalism is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent radicalization and ensure social stability and security
ENSURING THE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
The article shows that when designing earthquake-resistant buildings today, it is necessary to strive to achieve a symmetrical plan view and a uniform distribution of masses and volumes. It is necessary to arrange walls and frames symmetrically relative to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the building. In this way, torsional vibrations can be prevented or their development can be limited. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of construction is to increase its readiness as much as possible based on the compaction of structural drawings and typification of constructions, and the second is the need to ensure that these buildings are earthquake-resistant, high-quality, comfortable and functionally convenient
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BARREL OF AVIATION ARTILLERY WEAPONS AND VERIFICATION OF ITS RELIABILITY
This article considers the issue of mathematical modeling of thermophysical loading of an aircraft cannon barrel. The adequacy of the model is checked based on the Bartlett, Student and Fisher criteria, computational resources and time efficiency are evaluated. Also, the safety of the system is analyzed using probabilistic models and the permissible firing modes are based on
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATE GOVERNANCE MODELS: EVIDENCE FROM THE UNITED STATES
This study examines the structure and functioning of state governance models through a comparative lens, with particular emphasis on the United States as a representative case of a presidential system. The article explores the institutional foundations of presidential governance, focusing on the separation of powers, the dual role of the president as both head of state and head of government, and the constitutional mechanisms that regulate executive authority. Special attention is given to the system of checks and balances, which ensures a dynamic equilibrium between the executive and legislative branches, thereby preventing the concentration of political power.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENHANCING WOMEN'S INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL IN THE PROCESS OF RENEWAL IN UZBEKISTAN
This study examines the socio-philosophical foundations of enhancing women's innovative potential in the context of social renewal in Uzbekistan. The research analyzes the role of women in social development and highlights the importance of innovative thinking in strengthening their participation in economic, political, and cultural processes. Particular attention is paid to the impact of digital technologies, educational reforms, and institutional support mechanisms on the development of women's innovative thinking. The study also explores gender aspects of innovation and the compatibility of innovative activities with national values and cultural traditions. The findings indicate that strengthening women's innovative potential significantly contributes to sustainable development, social stability, and competitiveness in modern society.
THE IMАGE OF CLАSSICАL POETS IN UZBEK DRАMАTURGY
This аrticle аnаlyzes the creаtion аnd аrtistic interpretаtion of clаssicаl poets’ imаges in Uzbek drаmаturgy. In pаrticulаr, it exаmines how the imаges of representаtives of clаssicаl literаture such аs Аlisher Nаvoi, Zаhiriddin Muhаmmаd Bаbur, аnd Mаshrаb аre portrаyed in Uzbek stаge аrt аnd drаmаturgy, аs well аs how their lives, works, аnd spirituаl heritаge аre reflected in drаmаtic works. The аrticle аlso discusses the hаrmony of аrtistic fаbric, historicаl truth, аnd nаtionаl vаlues in the creаtion of historicаl figures’ imаges by plаywrights. The reseаrch concludes thаt the imаges of clаssicаl poets in Uzbek drаmаturgy plаy аn importаnt role in understаnding nаtionаl identity, restoring historicаl memory, аnd educаting the younger generаtion in morаl аnd spirituаl vаlues
HISTORY OF FAMILY AND VALUES IN UZBEKISTAN
This article scientifically analyzes the formation, historical development of the family institution in Uzbekistan and its place in the system of national values. The family traditions, customs and social relations of the Uzbek people, which have been formed over the centuries, are covered on the basis of historical sources. Also, the strength of the family institution is considered as an important factor in the stability and spiritual development of society. The article analyzes the importance of the family in social, cultural and spiritual life from ancient times to the present day.
THE SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL ROLE OF MUSEUMS IN YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the spiritual and educational role of museums in youth upbringing from both theoretical and practical perspectives. In the context of the 21st century, museums are viewed not only as institutions preserving historical artifacts, but also as important social institutions contributing to the formation of national identity, historical memory, and patriotic values among young people. In particular, based on the activities of Oʻzbekiston tarixi davlat muzeyi and Temuriylar tarixi davlat muzeyi, the study examines the impact of museum exhibitions on youth consciousness, as well as the effectiveness of interactive displays, educational projects, and innovative pedagogical approaches. The research highlights issues of museum pedagogy, promotion of cultural heritage, and enhancement of youth social engagement. It also reveals the importance of cooperation between museums and educational institutions, their role in strengthening spiritual values, and broadening the worldview of young people based on scientific conclusions
THE CHANGES IN ENGLISH POLICY IN IRAN UNDER THE CONSERVATIVES AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
The article is devoted to an interesting page in the history of the Anglo-Russian rivalry for Iran, in particular. The 19th century went down in history as a period of the "Great Game" of major European powers for dominance in Central Asia and the Middle East. Russia and Great Britain, the main actors of big politics, used a different arsenal of means, trying to prevent a competitor from establishing itself in those territories that were geopolitically and geoeconomically necessary. The article shows the change in the vector in foreign policy in Iran under the conservatives - supporters of the "forward policy"
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN KARAKALPAKSTAN: FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the stages of formation and development of anthropology in the territory of Karakalpakstan based on paleoanthropological materials. Based on craniological materials from the Kokcha-3, Qalali-qir, Jetiasar, Mizdahkan, and TumakKichijik sites, the ethno-anthropological composition of the region's population and the process of its historical formation are highlighted. The research results show that there was an interaction of northern and southern anthropological components in the territory of Karakalpakstan.
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL IDEAS IN ABDULLAH IBN MUQAFFA’S “AL-ADAB AL-KABIR”
This article explores the social, ethical, and political ideas presented in Abdullah ibn Muqaffa’s “al-Adab al-kabir”. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the author’s perspectives on moral conduct, civic responsibility, justice, and governance, highlighting their significance within the broader framework of early Islamic thought. The study demonstrates how Ibn Muqaffa combines ethical principles with practical guidance for rulers and members of society, emphasizing the interconnection between personal virtue, social harmony, and political authority. By situating “al-Adab al-kabir” within the tradition of the Islamic siyasatnama literary genre, the article illustrates the continuity of moral-political discourse in classical Islamic literature and its relevance for understanding the ethical foundations of governance and social order. The research also sheds light on the ways in which Ibn Muqaffa’s ideas reflect both universal ethical concerns and the specific historical and cultural context of the Abbasid period.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF OXUS CIVILIZATION SITES
This article presents the geographical distribution of monuments belonging to the Oxus civilization, an ancient Eastern Bronze Age culture, within the context of modern states. It also describes the characteristics of their locations
STATE POLICY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF SURKHANDARYA REGION
This scientific article analyzes the main directions, mechanisms and results of the state policy implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan on the development of spiritual and educational work. The main attention of the article is paid to the practical implementation of state policy in the education system of Surkhandarya region, its effectiveness, problems and prospects. The study studies the relationship between the theoretical foundations of state policy and practice at the regional level, the level of compliance and regional characteristics.
HEALTH AS HARMONY: EVOLUTION OF THE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE IDEA FROM ANTIQUITY TO GLOBAL MODERNITY
The article “Health as Harmony: Evolution of the Healthy Lifestyle Idea from Antiquity to Global Modernity” examines the historical and philosophical transformation of the concept of health as a harmonious state of body, mind, and social existence. The study traces the origins of the harmony paradigm in ancient Greek thought, particularly in the ethical and medical traditions associated with Hippocrates and Aristotle, where health was understood as balance (eucrasia) and moderation (mesotes).The research further analyzes medieval and early modern reinterpretations of health within religious and humanistic frameworks, emphasizing the moral dimension of bodily discipline and spiritual integrity. In modernity, the biomedical model redefined health primarily as the absence of disease; however, the 20th century witnessed a paradigmatic shift toward a holistic understanding, reflected in the definition proposed by the World Health Organization, which conceptualizes health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
THE ROLE OF FAMILY, NEIGHBORS, AND COMMUNITY IN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION: SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS
This scientific article is dedicated to studying the role of the family, neighborhood, and community organizations in the development of environmental education and the formation of its social and institutional foundations. The study analyzes the significance of the social environment, beyond traditional educational institutions, in ensuring the effectiveness of environmental education. The article provides a scientific rationale for the opportunities, challenges, and solutions related to family-based education, neighborly initiatives, and civil society institutions in shaping environmental awareness and culture. Practical recommendations are proposed to strengthen the institutional framework of environmental education in the context of the New Uzbekistan.
THE CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE OF IBN SINA’S ETHICAL VIEWS
This article analyzes the ethical views of the great thinker Abu Ali Ibn Sina and reveals their significance for modern society, personal development, and social relations. Ibn Sina’s ethical ideas are examined in close connection with his philosophical, medical, and pedagogical teachings
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE (1991–2016)
This article analyzes the stages of formation and development of the public administration system in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years of independence, in particular, in the period 1991–2016, based on a scientific-theoretical and historical approach. The study covers the issues of institutional reforms implemented in the field of public administration, the creation of legal frameworks, the improvement of the executive system, and the division of powers between central and local government bodies. The results of the article show that the public administration model of Uzbekistan has evolved and has gradually improved in accordance with national interests
PROCESSES OF THE FORMATION OF CIVIL AVIATION IN CENTRAL ASIA IN 1930-1945
This article analyzes the formation and institutional development of civil aviation in Central Asia during 1930–1945. Using an institutional and historical-comparative approach, the study examines the transformation of aviation from a military-administrative tool into an independent civil transport institution. The research highlights the role of civil aviation in economic modernization, territorial integration, and the enhancement of social mobility in the region. Special attention is paid to the activities of civil aviation during World War II, when it became an integral part of the military-logistical system and ensured the stability of the rear economy. The article concludes that the organizational, кадров, and infrastructural foundations established in this period played a crucial role in the sustainable development of civil aviation in Central Asia in subsequent decades.
ABDULLA AVLONI'S VIEWS ON EDUCATION AND ENLIGHTENMENT
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the pedagogical and enlightenment views of Abdulla Avloni, an outstanding Uzbek thinker, poet, educator, and public figure of the early 20th century. His ideas are examined in the context of the Jadid movement and the socio-cultural transformations in Turkestan. Special attention is given to understanding education as a decisive factor in social progress, the role of moral upbringing, and the significance of schools and teachers in personality formation. Based on an analysis of Avloni's works, his contribution to the development of national pedagogical thought is revealed, and the relevance of his ideas for the modern education system of the Republic of Uzbekistan is determined.
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY AND THE CONCEPT OF HOLISTIC HEALTH
This article explores the concept of holistic health through the lens of Eastern philosophy, focusing on traditions such as Taoism, Buddhism, and Ayurveda. Unlike the Western biomedical model, which often separates mind and body, Eastern philosophical systems view health as a dynamic balance between physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of human existence. The paper examines key ideas such as harmony with nature, balance of energies, mindfulness, and ethical living as essential components of well-being. By analyzing classical philosophical concepts and their relevance to modern lifestyles, the article highlights how Eastern philosophy offers a holistic understanding of health that emphasizes prevention, self-awareness, and inner harmony rather than mere absence of disease
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE «COTTON AFFAIRS» POLICY (A CASE STUDY OF SURKHANDARYA REGION)
The article analyzes information about the «cotton affair» and «Uzbek affair,» a socio-political campaign that took place in the Uzbek SSR, including the Surkhandarya region, in the 1980s. This company, which was part of the «perestroika» process in the Soviet Union, was analyzed using archival documents, researched scientific works, and literature.