Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science
Western European Journal of Historical Events and Social Science publishes papers devoted to quantitative social science research and methodology. The journal features articles that illustrate the use of quantitative methods to empirically test social science theory. The journal emphasizes research concerned with issues or methods that cut across traditional disciplinary lines. Special attention is given to methods that have been used by only one particular social science discipline, but that may have application to a broader range of areas with an ultimate goal of testing social science theory and historical events. ISSN (E): 2942-1926 ResearchBib IF: 10.45 SJIF 2026: 9.665
SIGNS OF THE MATERIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST CITY
This article presents findings on ancient Bactrian urban culture and the factors that shaped it. Archaeological signs important to the formation of urban culture are considered. In the Surkhandarya region, an ancient agricultural culture emerged in the Early Bronze Age. In southern Uzbekistan, agricultural culture developed in the Bronze Age. The formation of this culture was influenced by the arrival of ancient agricultural communities from the Murghab oasis. These farmers, having mastered the region's deserts, played an important role in the formation of the Sopolli hill village. This indicates that religious and ideological changes occurred in ancient Bactria, particularly in Southern Uzbekistan, in the middle of the Bronze Age. The reflection of this spiritual and religious ideology in material culture is evident in archaeological finds and changes in the burial process at the monument. In the structural parts of the Avesta, it can be seen that the family, property, and ideological management system developed in Northern Bactria. Initially, eight patriarchal communities were formed, and Ancient Bactria developed into a Kavian state.
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THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING ON YOUTH SOCIALIZATION
In the context of global environmental challenges and the need to foster sustainable societal development, the role of environmental education is particularly relevant. This article examines the impact of environmental education and training on youth socialization processes.
environmental protectionenvironmental education and training
THE INFLUENCE OF AMIR TIMUR AND THE TIMURID RENAISSANCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND ARCHITECTURE
This article analyzes the scientific-enlightenment upsurge, cultural, and architectural development that occurred during the era of Amir Timur and the Timurids. The Timurid Renaissance is one of the most significant renaissance periods in the history of Central Asia, during which science, education, art, and architecture developed to an unprecedented degree. During this period, the cities of Samarkand and Herat became major scientific and cultural centers of the world. The article also highlights the contribution of the Timurid era to the development of world civilization
FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF AGENTIVE SYNTAXEMES IN SENTENCE SEMANTICS
This article analyzes the functional role of agentive syntaxemes within sentence semantics. In the course of the study, the role of agent units in the formation of predicative content, the features of expressing the performer of an action, and their communicativepragmatic functions were studied based on materials from the English and Uzbek languages. Also, the use of agentive syntaxemes in active and passive constructions, stylistic and semantic possibilities were scientifically analyzed through examples.
LINGUOCOGNITIVE FEATURES OF ASPECTUAL SEMANTICS IN NARRATIVE TEXTS: BASED ON MATERIALS FROM ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article presents a comparative analysis of the linguocognitive features of aspectual semantics in narrative texts in English and Uzbek. The main aim of the study is to determine how aspectual meanings expressing the duration, completion, repetitiveness, and boundedness of events are conceptualized within language and cognition. The research examines perfective and imperfective aspects, the categories of progressivity and iterativity, as well as the role of verbs in aspectual semantics.
THE IMPACT OF TRANSLANGUAGING ON DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS
The growing linguistic diversity of educational settings has encouraged researchers and educators to reconsider traditional monolingual approaches to language teaching. Translanguaging, which refers to the strategic use of multiple linguistic resources by bilingual and multilingual speakers, has emerged as an effective pedagogical practice in second and foreign language education. This article examines the impact of translanguaging on the development of speaking skills among English language learners (ELLs). Drawing on contemporary theories of bilingualism and sociocultural learning, the study explores how translanguaging facilitates oral communication, enhances learners’ confidence, promotes interaction, and supports the acquisition of communicative competence.
MEANS OF EXPRESSING TEMPORAL REFERENCE IN NARRATIVE DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This article investigates the features of temporal reference realization in narrative discourse in English and Uzbek from a comparative perspective. The main objective of the study is to identify the functional characteristics of grammatical, lexical, and discourse-based means used to express temporal relations in narrative and event-based texts. The research analyzes the tense system in English, tense forms in Uzbek, temporal markers, time expressions, and the mechanisms of organizing narrative time.
LINGUOCOGNITIVE INTERPRETATION OF AGENTIVITY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article comparatively examines the linguocognitive features of the category of agency in English and Uzbek. During the study, the semantic, syntactic, and conceptual aspects of agency were analyzed, and the subject’s activity in action, voluntariness, level of control, and role in reality were highlighted. The role of the agent in the system of language and thinking, its grammatical and cognitive features are revealed on the example of agent constructions in English and Uzbek. The article also analyzes the metaphorical and pragmatic forms of expression of agency, and substantiates the close connection of this category with the process of human conceptualization of the world. The results of the study show that there are common and different aspects in the expression of agency in English and Uzbek, and allow us to evaluate agency as an important linguocognitive category that reflects the relationship between language and thinking
THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND INTEGRATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN THE FERGANA VALLEY DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
This study explores the socio-historical and infrastructural evolution of telecommunications and digital communication systems in the Fergana Valley following the independence of Uzbekistan (1991–early XXI century). Drawing on localized statistics, ministerial decrees, and infrastructural records, the paper traces the shift from a fragmented, analog post-Soviet technical framework to an integrated, fiber-optic digital ecosystem. The research examines how geographic hurdles and regional demands shaped the rollout of mobile networks, internet access points, and digital data systems, providing a thorough historicalempirical view of the valley's integration into global information networks
THE ROLE OF MAHALLAS IN LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR TERMS IN BUSINESS CONTRACTS
The article examines the role of mahallas in shaping legal protection for citizens against unfair terms in commercial contracts. In the context of increasing public engagement in small business and the expansion of contractual practices at the level of local communities, the study analyzes the impact of legal culture and legal awareness on the stability of entrepreneurial behavior. Based on the principles of good faith, reasonableness, and balance of interests between the parties, the paper addresses the vulnerability of novice entrepreneurs in relation to economically stronger counterparties and the risks of including unfair terms in contracts. It is noted that burdensome contractual obligations may lead not only to financial losses but also create conditions conducive to offenses and economic crimes, including fictitious entrepreneurship and tax evasion. The article substantiates the need to develop preventive legal education mechanisms at the mahalla level as a means of preventing contractual unfairness, reducing economic and criminal law risks, and strengthening the legal sustainability of the entrepreneurial environment.
Independent Researcher Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences named after A.Avlony
This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of forming an adaptive learning environment based on mentoring activity in the educational system. The necessity of organizing an adaptive learning environment adapted to the individual needs, abilities, and learning activities of learners is substantiated. The role of mentoring in improving the quality of education, developing students' independent thinking skills, and determining individual development trajectories is highlighted. Through the analysis of international scientific sources, five main approaches to forming an adaptive environment based on mentoring - person-centered, competency-based, technological, reflective, and ecological - are identified. Additionally, six core principles of forming an adaptive environment are developed, and their practical manifestation in the mentoring process is demonstrated. The research concludes with practical recommendations for implementing mentoring in the Uzbekistan educational system.
THE ROLE OF OSIRIS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
This article examines the historical significance of Osiris, one of the most critical journals in the field of the "history of science." It outlines the history of the journal's establishment, its founder, the key figures who demonstrated dedication to this process, its publication scope, as well as its scholarly style and chosen thematic directions. The primary objective of this research is to elucidate the role of Osiris in the formation of the history of science and its impact on the scholarly process within the discipline. By addressing these issues, the study demonstrates how journals that have long held a prominent position in the history of science continue to serve as vital reference sources for both society and the academic community
CYBERCRIMES: DEFINITION AND LEGAL LIABILITY
This article examines the nature and significance of cybercrime, the necessity of combating it, and the legal measures of liability imposed for such offenses. It analyzes relevant international legal instruments, considers emerging forms of cybercrime, and provides an overview of protection against one of its most widespread forms—cyber fraud—as well as the legal liability applicable to it. The article also presents international and national statistical data to highlight the relevance and importance of the topic.
FOREIGN POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN BASED ON PEACE AND HARMONY IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIELD
This article examines the foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the international arena, based on the principles of peace, mutual respect, and cooperation. It analyzes the evolution of Uzbekistan’s diplomatic strategy since independence, with particular emphasis on its commitment to peaceful conflict resolution, regional stability, and the development of constructive international relations. The study highlights key initiatives of Uzbekistan aimed at strengthening good-neighborly relations in Central Asia, expanding multilateral cooperation within international organizations, and promoting global peace and security. Special attention is given to the country’s balanced and pragmatic foreign policy approach, which seeks to maintain sovereignty while actively engaging in global integration processes. The findings demonstrate that Uzbekistan’s foreign policy plays an important role in fostering stability, mutual trust, and sustainable development both regionally and globally.
Physical training in football is focused mainly on the development of the speed qualities of football players and their endurance. Speed qualities in modern football play a very important role. A team can only be successful when the players are ahead of their rivals, gaining space and time from them. There is an opinion that fast players are born. This is partly a correct assumption. The percentage of the ratio of slow and fast muscle fibers, the efficiency of the neuromotor mechanism, the speed of the reaction - all these are genetically determined qualities and develop or change slightly. But, fortunately, speed qualities also depend on the mobilization of the composition of the motor action, and this factor can be trained and is the main reserve in the development of elementary forms ofspeed. Technical- tactical and strength readiness also affect the manifestation of speed qualities in the game practice of a football player.
THE INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL SOCIAL FACTORS ON THE FORMATION OF YOUTH LIFE POSITIONS BASED ON INFORMATION USE
The rapid development of globalization and digital technologies has significantly increased the role of information in shaping the worldview, values, and social behavior of young people. In modern society, information has become one of the most influential social resources affecting the formation of youth life positions. At the same time, the process of information use is strongly influenced by institutional social factors such as family, educational institutions, mass media, state policy, religion, civil society organizations, and digital communication systems. These institutions determine the mechanisms through which young people receive, interpret, and apply information in their social lives. This article analyzes the sociological aspects of the influence of institutional social factors on the formation of youth life positions in the context of information use. The research examines the role of social institutions in youth socialization, value orientation, media behavior, and adaptation to the global information environment. Particular attention is given to the interaction between traditional social institutions and modern digital communication systems. The study also considers international experience and the socio-cultural context of Uzbekistan regarding youth development and information policy. The article is based on sociological theories, comparative analysis, and contemporary empirical observations. The findings demonstrate that institutional social factors play a decisive role in shaping socially active, responsible, and informationliterate youth in the digital era.
FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
The article shows that currently the fire resistance of buildings and their structures, that is, their ability to withstand high temperatures in the event of a fire and maintain their load-bearing properties for a long time, the fire safety of buildings and structures is in most cases ensured by the non-flammability and fire resistance of their structures, the fire resistance of building structures is considered one of their most important characteristics, and this indicator is regulated in a special standard. According to this standard, buildings, structures and their parts enclosed by fire walls are divided into 5 types (I, II, III, IV and V) of fire resistance.
SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VERBLESS SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
The present study investigates the syntagmatic and paradigmatic characteristics of verbless sentences in English and Uzbek. Verbless sentences constitute an important syntactic phenomenon that enables speakers and writers to express complete communicative meanings without the use of an explicit finite verb. The research aims to identify the structural organization of verbless constructions, analyze their semantic functions, and compare their syntagmatic and paradigmatic properties across the two languages. The study employs comparative, descriptive, structural, and functional-semantic methods to examine examples collected from literary texts and authentic language materials. The findings demonstrate that verbless sentences in both English and Uzbek perform important communicative and stylistic functions. However, Uzbek exhibits greater structural flexibility and a wider range of nominal predication patterns, whereas English relies more heavily on contextual interpretation and stylistic motivation. The results contribute to comparative syntax, structural linguistics, and functional-semantic studies
CHILD SAFETY IN AUTOMOTIVE INTERIOR DESIGN: ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE
This article scientifically and practically analyzes the role and importance of automotive interior design in ensuring child safety. Since children are physically more vulnerable compared to adults, ensuring their safety in the vehicle cabin requires a special approach. The article examines the constructive safety elements of automotive interiors – body strength characteristics, seat belt and airbag systems, child restraint systems (CRS), ISOFIX mounting system, rear door child safety locks, anti-pinch window protection systems, as well as modern smart systems – occupant detection sensors and child presence detection technologies to prevent children from being left behind in vehicles. The research results show that adapting automotive interior design to child safety requirements can significantly reduce child injuries and fatalities in road traffic accidents. The article develops practical recommendations aimed at improving child safety for parents, automakers, and policymakers
ANALYSIS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE HEPHTHALITE STATE IN GERMANLANGUAGE STUDIES
This article deals with the foreign policy of the Hephthalite state. The political and economic relations with the Iranian Sassanids, the Chinese Empire, Byzantium and India are discussed in German historiography, and the similarities and differences in the sources and literature we have studied are analyzed
INFORMATION ON THE ETHNOTOPONYMS OF THE FERGANA VALLEY IN MIRIZZATULLA'S TRAVELOGUE AND THEIR ANALYSIS
This article examines the ethnotoponyms of the Fergana Valley recorded in the travel account of Mirizzatulla. Particular attention is paid to the historical and geographical analysis of place names derived from the ethnonyms of various ethnic groups that inhabited the valley and its adjacent regions. Based on the information contained in the travel narrative, ethnotoponyms such as Kara Khitai, Lulikhanah, Kyrgyz, Kalmak, and others are analyzed with regard to their origin, historical development, and geographical localization. The study compares the traveler’s observations with data from written sources, historical cartography, and modern research on historical toponymy. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the ethnic history of the Fergana Valley and demonstrate the significance of ethnotoponyms as an important source for reconstructing the historical geography and ethnocultural processes of the region
FORMATION OF INDEPENDENT THINKING OF YOUTH IN THE PROCESS OF MODERNIZATION OF SOCIETY
Independent thinking requires a person to have their own views on the essence of things and events, events taking place in society, and expands the boundaries of their knowledge and understanding. In the conditions of today's reforms, the presence of independent-thinking youth is a necessity of the times, and only people with their own worldview are able to develop many projects that ensure the development of society. One of the main factors of state policy is the development and upbringing of talented young people who think deeply and have their own independent worldview. Because, depending on the opinions of others, various contradictions and the spirit of reaching for foreign ideologies undoubtedly leads to the decline of the spirituality of society. It should be emphasized that independent thinking develops in society when the environment of relations between people is good. This article will discuss these issues. In this article the author emphasizes that the existence of independent young people is a temporary period and that people with a personal view have the opportunity to develop a large number of projects that support the development of society, thinking about the formation of a harmoniously developed generation as a strategic goal of Uzbekistan.
POWER AND CEREMONY IN THE PALACES OF THE MANGIT EMIRS OF BUKHARA: POLITICAL SYMBOLS OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACE
This scientific article analyzes the palace architecture and political symbols expressed in it during the reign of the Mangid dynasty in the Bukhara Emirate (1785-1920). The article studies the architectural structure of the Ark Castle and the Sitorai Mohi Khosa Palace, their spatial organization, and the ceremonies held in these spaces (enthronement, reception of ambassadors, military parades, holiday prayers) from the perspective of how power was expressed. Architectural elements (gates, columns, thrones, ceilings, colors) are interpreted as material expressions of political ideology. The research results show that the Mangid palace architecture had not only aesthetic, but also deep political content, and was a means of promoting the sanctity, power, and inviolability of the emir's power
THE FIRST GENERALISSIMOS OF WESTERN EUROPE
This article examines individuals who received the rank of generalissimo and the title of generalissimo in world history from the 16th century to the 19th century, in chronological order. It analyzes the activities of Western European generalissimos, determining the significance of this title and the achievements for which it was awarded. The purpose of this article is to explore the evolution of the rank of generalissimo in world history, tracing its development through the fates of key figures, and analyzing how it reflected the interaction of military and political power in different eras.
FACTORS OF THE EMERGENCE OF NEOLOGISMS IN THE MODERN UZBEKISTAN LANGUAGE
This article explores the difficulties students face in learning accounting vocabulary in English as a foreign or second language. Accounting terminology is highly specialized, abstract, and often rooted in both linguistic and conceptual complexity, which creates significant challenges for learners. The study analyzes linguistic, cognitive, and pedagogical factors that hinder vocabulary acquisition, including polysemy of financial terms, lack of contextual understanding, interference from native language structures, and insufficient exposure to authentic accounting discourse. The role of teaching methods, textbook design, and classroom practices is also examined. The findings indicate that students struggle not only with memorizing terminology but also with applying accounting vocabulary accurately in professional contexts. The article suggests that improved instructional strategies, contextualized learning, and integration of real-world financial materials can significantly enhance vocabulary acquisition in accounting education
LINGUOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TONGUE TWISTERS FORMED ON THE BASIS OF THE LEXEME THUNDER
This article examines the linguocultural characteristics of tongue twisters formed on the basis of the lexeme thunder. As a natural acoustic phenomenon, thunder is widely represented in folklore and oral traditions due to its strong auditory impact and cultural symbolism. Thunder-based tongue twisters reflect not only phonetic complexity and articulatory challenges but also cultural perceptions, symbolic meanings, and cognitive associations related to power, sound, and natural forces. The study analyzes the phonetic, semantic, cognitive, and cultural dimensions of thunder-based tongue twisters and highlights their role in developing linguistic competence and preserving cultural worldview
RESTORATION AND STUDY OF THE TIMURID HERITAGE DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
This article examines the architectural heritage of the Amir Temur and Timurid period and analyzes the historiography, sources, and scientific studies dedicated to these monuments. Particular attention is given to the significance of archival documents, museum collections, archaeological research, and written sources in the study of Timurid architecture. The paper highlights major architectural masterpieces, including the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Oqsaroy Palace, Saroymulkxonim Madrasah, the Registan ensemble, and the Ulugh Beg Observatory, emphasizing their historical, cultural, and artistic value. The research also discusses restoration efforts carried out during the twentieth century and evaluates the contributions of Uzbek and foreign scholars to the investigation and preservation of Timurid architectural monuments. Furthermore, the study explores the influence of Persian, Central Asian, and Turkic architectural traditions on the development of Timurid architecture and assesses its place within the broader context of Islamic art and urban planning. The findings demonstrate the enduring importance of Timurid architectural heritage as a significant component of world cultural history and a valuable source for understanding the political, cultural, and scientific achievements of the Timurid era
COOPERATION OF UZBEKISTAN WITH CIS COUNTRIES IN DEVELOPING TRADE RELATIONS AND ITS OUTCOMES
This article analyzes Uzbekistan’s trade and economic relations with CIS countries, their development stages, and current trends. It examines major partner states, trade volumes, and growth dynamics
ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF GEOLOGY IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
This article is devoted to the analysis of the main directions and practical results of scientific research conducted in the natural sciences, particularly in geology, hydrogeology, the fuel and energy sector, and the mining industry, on the territory of Uzbekistan during the Second World War. The paper also provides information indicating that, under conditions where the wartime situation confronted the country with the critical tasks of eliminating shortages of raw materials and energy, as well as strengthening its defense potential, primary attention was focused on geological exploration and the development of local raw material resources. Specifically, it is substantiated that the discovery of deposits of tungsten, iron, tin, and other valuable metals, made possible through the theoretical and applied geological research of scientists in this field, contributed to the expansion of the republic's heavy industry and fuel base.