MODERN BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major global public health challenge due to its progressive nature, high morbidity and mortality rates, and substantial socioeconomic burden. Early detection and accurate prognostic stratification are critical for slowing disease progression and optimizing patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic approaches based primarily on serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) often lack sufficient sensitivity for detecting early structural and functional renal impairment. In recent years, significant attention has been directed toward the identification and validation of novel biomarkers that reflect underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, including tubular injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and endothelial dysfunction