MODERN STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING BACTERIAL ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: CLINICAL PRACTICE AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing threats to global public health in the twenty-first century. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, veterinary practice, and agriculture have accelerated the evolution of resistant bacterial strains, rendering many first-line treatments ineffective. This article reviews contemporary strategies for mitigating antibiotic resistance, focusing on two interconnected domains: clinical practice interventions, such as antimicrobial stewardship programs, rapid diagnostics, and infection control; and pharmaceutical innovations, including novel antibiotic classes, adjuvant therapies, bacteriophage-based treatments, and vaccine development. The article concludes that a multidisciplinary, coordinated approach combining clinical, pharmaceutical, and policy measures is essential to slow the spread of resistance and preserve the effectiveness of existing and future antimicrobial agents.